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  • Products
    • Click Boards
      • Wireless Connectivity
        • GPS/GNSS
        • GSM/LTE
        • LTE IoT
        • BT/BLE
        • WiFi+BLE
        • WiFi
        • Sub-1 GHz Transceievers
        • 2.4 GHz Trancevers
        • LoRa
        • RFID/NFC
        • GSM+GPS
        • 6LoWPAN
        • ZigBee
        • UWB
        • SigFox
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Sensors
        • Biometrics
        • Gas
        • Magnetic
        • Motion
        • Optical
        • Pressure
        • Proximity
        • Temperature & humidity
        • Current sensor
        • Miscellaneous
        • Environmental
        • Force
        • Inductance
        • RF meter
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Interface
        • Adapter
        • CAN
        • Port expander
        • RS485
        • USB
        • 1-Wire
        • RS232
        • Ethernet
        • LIN
        • PWM
        • Current
        • DALI
        • I2C
        • Fiber optics
        • SPI
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Display & LED
        • LED Drivers
        • LED Matrix
        • LED Segment
        • OLED
        • Adapter
        • Electronic Paper Display
        • LCD
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Miscellaneous
        • Relay
        • Optocoupler
        • ID
        • Proto
        • Encryption
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Mixed Signal
        • ADC
        • Measurements
        • DAC
        • Digital potentiometer
        • ADC-DAC
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Storage
        • EEPROM
        • FLASH
        • FRAM
        • microSD
        • MRAM
        • SRAM
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Motor Control
        • Brushed
        • Brushless
        • Stepper
        • Servo
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Audio & Voice
        • Amplifier
        • Microphone
        • Speakers
        • Signal Processing
        • Speech recognition
        • FM
        • MP3
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • HMI
        • Capacitive
        • Pushbutton/Switches
        • Potentiometers
        • Rotary encoder
        • Haptic
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
        • Fingerprint
      • Clock & Timing
        • RTC
        • Clock generator
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Power Management
        • Battery charger
        • Boost
        • Buck
        • Linear
        • Buck-Boost
        • Wireless Charging
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
    • Necto
      • ARM
        • C
          • mikroC AI for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • PIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • PIC32
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC32
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • dsPIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • AVR
        • C
          • mikroC AI for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
    • Compilers
      • ARM
        • C
          • mikroC AI for ARM
          • mikroC PRO for ARM
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for ARM
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • PIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC
          • mikroC PRO for PIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • PIC32
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC32
          • mikroC PRO for PIC32
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC32
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC32
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • C
          • mikroC AI for dsPIC
          • mikroC PRO for dsPIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for dsPIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • AVR
        • C
          • mikroC AI for AVR
          • mikroC PRO for AVR
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for AVR
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • 8051
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for 8051
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for 8051
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for 8051
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • FT90x
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for FT90x
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for FT90x
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for FT90x
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
    • Dev Boards
      • PIC
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyPIC PRO v8
          • EasyPIC v8
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC v7a
          • EasyPIC PRO v7
          • EasyPIC v7
        • 6th Generation
          • PICPLC16 v6
      • ARM
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for ARM v8
          • Fusion for STM32 v8
          • Fusion for KINETIS v8
          • Fusion for TIVA v8
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyMx PRO v7 for Tiva
          • EasyMx PRO v7 for STM32
      • PIC32
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC32
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
          • EasyPIC v7 for dsPIC30
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy24-33 v6
      • AVR
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyAVR v7
        • 6th Generation
          • AVRPLC16 v6
      • 8051
        • 7th generation
          • BIG8051
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy8051 v6
      • Universal Boards
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for ARM v8
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
        • UNI-DS board
          • UNI-DS6
          • mikroBoard for PIC 80-pin
          • mikroBoard for AVR
          • mikroBoard for dsPIC
          • mikroBoard for PSoC
          • mikroBoard for 8051
          • mikroBoard for PIC 40-pin
          • mikroBoard for ARM
          • mikroBoard for ARM 144-pin
      • IoT - Wearable
        • Hexiwear
          • Hexiwear
          • Hexiwear Power User Pack
          • Hexiwear Docking Station
          • Hexiwear Battery Pack
          • Hexiwear Color Pack
          • Hexiwear Workstation
      • Analog Boards
        • 7th Generation
          • Analog System Lab Kit PRO
    • Starter Boards
      • PIC
        • Clicker
          • PIC clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC18FJ
        • Ready
          • Ready for PIC Board
          • Ready for PIC (DIP28)
          • PIC-Ready2 Board
          • MMC Ready Board
        • StartUSB
          • StartUSB for PIC
      • ARM
        • Clicker
          • RA4M1 Clicker
          • Kinetis Clicker
          • MSP432 Clicker
          • CEC1702 clicker
          • CEC1302 Clicker
          • STM32 M4 clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for STM32
          • Clicker 2 for Kinetis
          • Clicker 2 for CEC1702
          • Clicker 2 for MSP432
          • Clicker 2 for CEC1302
          • Clicker 2 for PSoC 6
        • Clicker 4
          • Clicker 4 for STM32
        • MINI
          • MINI-M4 for STM32
          • MINI-M0 for STM32
          • MINI-M4 for Tiva
          • MINI-M4 for Stellaris
          • MINI-M4 for MSP432
        • Flip&Click
          • Flip&Click SAM3X
      • PIC32
        • Clicker
          • PIC32MX clicker
          • 6LoWPAN Clicker
          • PIC32MZ clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC32MX
          • Clicker 2 for PIC32MZ
        • MINI
          • MINI-32 Board
          • MINI-32 for PIC32MZ
        • Flip&Click
          • Flip&Click PIC32MZ
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC24
          • Clicker 2 for dsPIC33
        • Ready
          • dsPIC-Ready1 Board
          • dsPIC-Ready2 Board
          • DsPIC-Ready3 Board
          • dsPIC-Ready4 Board
      • AVR
        • MINI
          • MINI-AT Board - 3.3V
          • MINI-AT Board - 5V
        • Ready
          • Ready for AVR Board
          • Ready For XMEGA
          • mikroXMEGA Board
          • AVR-Ready2 Board
        • StartUSB
          • StartUSB for AVR
      • 8051
        • Ready
          • 8051-Ready Board
      • FT90x
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for FT90x
      • Miscellaneous
        • USB
          • USB Wizard
          • Quail
          • FlowPaw Kit
      • Universal Boards
        • 8th Generation
          • UNI Clicker
    • Prog-Debug
      • PIC
        • Codegrip
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for PIC
      • ARM
        • Codegrip
          • CODEGRIP for ARM
          • CODEGRIP for STM32
          • CODEGRIP for KINETIS
          • CODEGRIP for TIVA
        • MikroProg
          • mikroProg for STM32
          • mikroProg for Tiva
          • mikroProg for Kinetis
          • mikroProg for CEC
          • mikroProg for MSP432
          • mikroProg for PSoC 5LP
      • PIC32
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for PIC32
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for dsPIC
      • AVR
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for AVR
      • 8051
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for 8051
      • FT90x
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for FT90x
    • Smart Displays
      • PIC
        • 2.8"
          • PIC 18FJ
          • PIC 18FK
        • 4.3"
          • SmartGLCD
      • ARM
        • 2.8''
          • STM32 M4
          • STM32 M3
          • PSoC 5LP
          • TIVA
        • 3.5''
          • STM32F2 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F2 Cap. FPI - bazel
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - frame
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - bezel
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - bezel
          • Kinetis Capacitive
          • STM32F4 Capacitive
          • STM32F2 Capacitive
        • 4.3''
          • STM32F2 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F2 Cap. FPI - bezel
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - frame
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - bezel
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - bezel
          • Kinetis Capacitive
          • STM32F7 Capacitive
          • STM32F4 Capacitive
          • STM32 F4
          • STM32 F7
          • TIVA Capacitive
          • TIVA
        • 5''
          • STM32F7 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F7 Cap. FPI - bezel
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - frame
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - bezel
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - bezel
          • Kinetis Capacitive
          • STM32F7 Capacitive
          • STM32F4 Capacitive
          • TIVA Capacitive
          • TIVA
        • 7''
          • Capacitive FPI with frame
          • Capacitive FPI with bezel
          • Capacitive
          • STM32F4
          • STM32F7
      • PIC32
        • 2.8"
          • PIC32 MX4
        • 4.3"
          • PIC32 MX7
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • 2.8"
          • dsPIC 33FJ
          • dsPIC 33EP
          • dsPIC 24FJ
          • dsPIC 24EP
      • AVR
        • 2.8''
          • XMEGA
      • FT90x
        • 3.5"
          • HMI No Touch
          • HMI Resistive
          • HMI Capacitive
        • 4.3"
          • HMI
          • HMI Capacitive
          • HMI Resistive
          • HMI UXW
          • HMI UXB
          • Plus +
        • 5"
          • HMI
          • HMI Resistive
          • HMI Capacitive
          • HMI UXW
          • HMI UXB
        • 7"
          • HMI
          • HMI Resistive
          • HMI Capacitive
          • HMI UXW
          • HMI UXB
    • MCU Cards
      • PIC
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
        • 6th Generation
      • ARM
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
      • PIC32
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • 7th Generation
        • 6th Generation
      • AVR
        • 6th Generation
    • Accessories
      • Display
        • TFT Displays
        • LCD Modules
        • E-Paper displays
        • RGB LED Matrix Panels
      • Components
        • Microcontrollers
        • Sensors
        • Headers and Connectors
        • Buttons and Switches
        • Wire Jumpers and Cables
        • Antennas
        • Power Supplies
        • Batteries
        • Breadboards
        • RFid
        • Motors
        • SD Cards
      • Add-on Boards
        • TFT
        • Adapter
        • Miscellaneous
        • Ethernet
        • USB
        • microSD
        • LCD
        • LED Matrix
        • LED Segment
        • Battery charger
        • ADC
        • CAN
        • DAC
        • GPS/GNSS
        • Motion
        • Relay
        • WiFi
        • ZigBee
        • RS232
        • RS485
        • MP3
        • EEPROM
        • FLASH
        • Microphone
        • Potentiometer
        • RFID/NFC
        • RTC
        • Stepper
        • Temperature & Humidity
    • Kits
      • PIC
        • mikroLab
          • PIC M
          • PIC L
          • PIC 18FK
          • PIC XL
          • PIC 18FJ
        • EasyStart
          • PIC EasyStart
        • TFT Designer
          • PIC 18FJ
        • TFT Developer
          • PIC 18FJ
        • GLCD Designer
          • GLCD Designer
        • GLCD Developer
          • GLCD Developer
      • ARM
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for STM32
          • mikroLAB for Tiva
        • EasyStart Kits
          • EasyStart Kit - STM32
          • Easy Start Kit - Tiva
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT 3" - TIVA
          • TFT 4" - STM32F4
          • TFT 5" - TIVA
          • TFT 7" - STM32F4
          • TFT 3" - STM32 M3
          • TFT 3" - STM32 M4
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT 3" - TIVA
          • TFT 3" - STM32F3
          • TFT 3" - STM32F4
        • TFT Professional Kits
          • TFT 5 Pro Kit - TIVA
          • TFT 7 Pro Kit - STM32F4
          • TFT Plus Pro Kit - STM32F4
      • PIC32
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for PIC32
        • EasyStart Kits
          • EasyStart Kit - PIC32MX4
          • EasyStart Kit - PIC32MX7
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT 3" - PIC32MX4
          • TFT 4" - PIC32MX7
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT 3" - PIC32MX4
        • Home Automation
          • AWS Home
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for dsPIC
          • mikroLAB for dsPIC L
          • mikroLAB for dsPIC XL
        • EasyStart Kits
          • EasyStart Kit - dsPIC33FJ
          • EasyStart Kit - dsPIC33EP
          • EasyStart Kit - PIC24EP
          • Easy Start Kit - dsPIC30
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33FJ
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33EP
          • TFT 3" - PIC24EP
          • TFT 3" - PIC24FJ
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33FJ
          • TFT 3" - PIC24FJ
          • TFT 3" - PIC24EP
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33EP
      • AVR
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for AVR
          • mikroLAB for AVR L
          • mikroLAB for AVR XL
        • EasyStart Kits
          • Easy Start Kit - AVR
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT Designer kit - XMEGA
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT Developer kit - XMEGA
      • 8051
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for 8051 L
          • mikroLAB for 8051
        • EasyStart Kits
          • Easy Start Kit - 8051
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MikroElektronika white logo
  • Products
    • click boards icon Click Boards
      • Wireless Connectivity
        • GPS/GNSS
        • GSM/LTE
        • LTE IoT
        • BT/BLE
        • WiFi+BLE
        • WiFi
        • Sub-1 GHz Transceievers
        • 2.4 GHz Trancevers
        • LoRa
        • RFID/NFC
        • GSM+GPS
        • 6LoWPAN
        • ZigBee
        • UWB
        • SigFox
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Sensors
        • Biometrics
        • Gas
        • Magnetic
        • Motion
        • Optical
        • Pressure
        • Proximity
        • Temperature & humidity
        • Current sensor
        • Miscellaneous
        • Environmental
        • Force
        • Inductance
        • RF meter
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Interface
        • Adapter
        • CAN
        • Port expander
        • RS485
        • USB
        • 1-Wire
        • RS232
        • Ethernet
        • LIN
        • PWM
        • Current
        • DALI
        • I2C
        • Fiber optics
        • SPI
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Display & LED
        • LED Drivers
        • LED Matrix
        • LED Segment
        • OLED
        • Adapter
        • Electronic Paper Display
        • LCD
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Miscellaneous
        • Relay
        • Optocoupler
        • ID
        • Proto
        • Encryption
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Mixed Signal
        • ADC
        • Measurements
        • DAC
        • Digital potentiometer
        • ADC-DAC
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Storage
        • EEPROM
        • FLASH
        • FRAM
        • microSD
        • MRAM
        • SRAM
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Motor Control
        • Brushed
        • Brushless
        • Stepper
        • Servo
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Audio & Voice
        • Amplifier
        • Microphone
        • Speakers
        • Signal Processing
        • Speech recognition
        • FM
        • MP3
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • HMI
        • Capacitive
        • Pushbutton/Switches
        • Potentiometers
        • Rotary encoder
        • Haptic
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
        • Fingerprint
      • Clock & Timing
        • RTC
        • Clock generator
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Power Management
        • Battery charger
        • Boost
        • Buck
        • Linear
        • Buck-Boost
        • Wireless Charging
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
    • necto icon Necto
      • ARM
        • C
          • mikroC AI for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • PIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • PIC32
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC32
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • dsPIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • AVR
        • C
          • mikroC AI for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
    • compilers icon Compilers
      • ARM
        • C
          • mikroC AI for ARM
          • mikroC PRO for ARM
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for ARM
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • PIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC
          • mikroC PRO for PIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • PIC32
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC32
          • mikroC PRO for PIC32
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC32
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC32
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • C
          • mikroC AI for dsPIC
          • mikroC PRO for dsPIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for dsPIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • AVR
        • C
          • mikroC AI for AVR
          • mikroC PRO for AVR
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for AVR
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • 8051
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for 8051
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for 8051
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for 8051
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • FT90x
        • C
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  3. Radio Receivers, from crystal set to stereo
  4. the-simplest-amplified-radio-receiver
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3.2. The Simplest Amplified Radio Receiver

 
The most obvious shortcoming of the receiver described in the previous chapter is that it can perform the sound reproduction loud enough only in case when the programme from some local or very powerful radio transmitter is being received, which can create very strong signal in the reception antenna. The reception of signals from other transmitters is too weak. The only thing that can be done is either to increase the length of the antenna, which, of course, does have its limits, or to insert an amplifying stage into the receiver. The simplest way to perform the latter is to add a LF amplifying stage behind the detector in the detection receiver, Pic.3.1. The electrical diagram of one such receiver is given on Pic.3.12. The electrical load in the detection stage are no longer headphones, but an ordinary resistor R1. An NF signal is obtained on its ends, which is then being lead into the LF amplifier with the transistor T, over the coupling capacitor C3. The electrical load in the collector circuit of the transistor are the headphones, which transform the amplified LF signal into sound. The voltage negative feedback is being obtained with the capacitor C4, and the current negative feedback with the resistor R3. They enhance the characteristics of the amplifier (increase its stability, reduce distortion, widen the reception band), but they also reduce the amplification. The capacitor C5 prevents the AM signal carrier which, although very weak, also appears on the detector output, from entering the headphones. These 3 components however, can be omitted in most cases, for the sake of simplifying the device. C4 and C5 can be simply removed, and a piece of wire should be soldered instead of R3. Transistor operation point where the optimal reproduction (the biggest amplification, the smallest distortion) is being set by adjusting the resistence value of the resistor R2. The simplest way to do it is to connect the trimmer of couple of MÙ instead of the resistor, set the receiver on some station, then change the resistence until the optimal reception is being reached. The trimmer is then put out, its resistence measured, and a resistor of similar resistivity is then soldered on its place. The transistor T is any universal NPN - type.

radio-receivers-chapter-03-17

Please note that in the case of a very long antenna, when C1 of very small capacitance is being used, a hand made trimmer capacitor can be used. It is made by twisting two isolated wires, and its capacitance is changed simply by removing some wire from the ends. The component data is given on the electrical diagram and in table on the rightmost side of Pic.3.12. If you don't have a 100 pF capacitor (C2) you can put some of bigger capacitance, but you should then use smaller R1. The PCB layout is given on Pic.3.13. On 3.13-a is a picture that should be copied with the thin alcohol marker onto well cleaned copper side of the pertinax plate. Etching is to be performed then, as well as drilling the 0.8 mm holes, in the way that has been described in detail in PE2 issue (Practical realization of electronic devices). The component layout is given on Pic.3.13-b. The printed circuit is also visible on this picture, and that can be achieved by using vitroplast plate instead of pertinax. The look of board upon completion is on 3.13-c. Before soldering the wires that connect the variable capacitor, battery, switch etc. with the board, put some tin on the wire ends, using the calofonium or the tinol wire. You should by all means do this, especially if you 're not using the wire that is not pre tinned, in order to avoid cold solders, very unpleasant surprises that are hard to detect and locate. The layout of the entire receiver is given on Pic.3.14, in a scale 1:1. As in the previous receiver example, the coil is being glued to the top side of the box, over two small pieces of wood. The board is being tightened with a screw, that is screwed into a piece of wood being glued to the front end box plate. The battery is attached with a rubber band for the pieces of wood glued at the back plate of the box. We did this, however, only for the sake of having a clear and understandable drawing. Battery can be put inside the box in the same way as before, or some other way. radio-receivers-chapter-03-18

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