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        • C
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      • PIC32
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
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        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC32
        • Pascal
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        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
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          • Visual TFT
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          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • ARM
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for ARM
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for ARM
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
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          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • AVR
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for AVR
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for AVR
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • FT90x
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for FT90x
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for FT90x
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for FT90x
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • 8051
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for 8051
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for 8051
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for 8051
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
    • Dev Boards
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8 over USB-C
          • EasyPIC v8
          • EasyPIC v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC PRO v7a
          • PICPLC16 v7a
          • EasyPIC v7a
          • EasyPIC PRO v7
          • EasyPIC v7
        • 6th Generation
          • PICPLC16 v6
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyPIC v8 PIC24/dsPIC33
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
          • EasyPIC v7 for dsPIC30
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy24-33 v6
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC32
          • Fusion for PIC32 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for ARM v8
          • Fusion for ARM v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for STM32 v8
          • Fusion for STM32 over USB-C
          • Fusion for KINETIS v8
          • Fusion for Kinetis v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for TIVA v8
          • Fusion for TIVA v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyMx PRO v7a STM32
          • EasyMx PRO v7 STM32
          • EasyMx PRO v7 Tiva
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyAVR v8
          • EasyAVR PRO v8
          • EasyAVR PRO v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyAVR v7
        • 6th Generation
          • AVRPLC16 v6
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • 7th generation
          • BIG8051
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy8051 v6
      • PSoC (8-bit)
        • 6th Generation
          • UNI-DS6 Development System
      • RISC-V (32bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
      • Universal Boards
        • 8th Generation
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • Fusion for ARM v8
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
        • 6th Generation
          • UNI-DS6
          • mikroBoard for PIC 80-pin
          • mikroBoard for AVR
          • mikroBoard for dsPIC
          • mikroBoard for PSoC
          • mikroBoard for 8051
          • mikroBoard for PIC 40-pin
          • mikroBoard for ARM
          • mikroBoard for ARM 144-pin
      • IoT - Wearable
        • Hexiwear
          • Hexiwear
          • Hexiwear Power User Pack
          • Hexiwear Docking Station
          • Hexiwear Battery Pack
          • Hexiwear Color Pack
          • Hexiwear Workstation
      • Analog Boards
        • 7th Generation
          • Analog System Lab Kit PRO
    • Starter Boards
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • Clicker
          • PIC clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC18FJ
          • Clicker 2 for PIC18FK
        • Clicker 4
          • Clicker 4 for PIC18F
          • UNI Clicker
        • Ready
          • Ready for PIC Board
          • Ready for PIC (DIP28)
          • PIC-Ready2 Board
          • MMC Ready Board
        • StartUSB
          • StartUSB for PIC
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC24
          • Clicker 2 for dsPIC33
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • Ready
          • dsPIC-Ready1 Board
          • dsPIC-Ready2 Board
          • DsPIC-Ready3 Board
          • dsPIC-Ready4 Board
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • Clicker
          • PIC32MX clicker
          • 6LoWPAN Clicker
          • PIC32MZ clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC32MX
          • Clicker 2 for PIC32MZ
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • MINI
          • MINI-32 Board
          • MINI-32 for PIC32MZ
        • Flip&Click
          • Flip&Click PIC32MZ
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • Clicker
          • RA4M1 Clicker
          • Kinetis Clicker
          • MSP432 Clicker
          • CEC1702 clicker
          • CEC1302 Clicker
          • STM32 M4 clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for STM32
          • Clicker 2 for Kinetis
          • Clicker 2 for CEC1702
          • Clicker 2 for MSP432
          • Clicker 2 for CEC1302
          • Clicker 2 for PSoC 6
        • Clicker 4
          • Clicker 4 for STM32F745VG
          • Clicker 4 for STM32F4
          • Clicker 4 for TMPM3H
          • Clicker 4 for TMPM4K
          • Clicker 4 for STM32
          • UNI Clicker
        • MINI
          • MINI-M4 for STM32
          • MINI-M4 For Kinetis
          • MINI-M4 for Tiva
          • MINI-M4 for Stellaris
          • MINI-M4 for MSP432
          • MINI-M0 for STM32
        • Flip&Click
          • Flip&Click SAM3X
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • MINI
          • MINI-AT Board - 3.3V
          • MINI-AT Board - 5V
        • Ready
          • Ready for AVR Board
          • Ready For XMEGA
          • mikroXMEGA Board
          • AVR-Ready2 Board
        • StartUSB
          • StartUSB for AVR
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • Ready
          • 8051-Ready Board
      • FT90x (32-bit)
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for FT90x
      • Miscellaneous
        • USB
          • USB Wizard
          • Quail
          • FlowPaw Kit
      • Universal Boards
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
    • Prog-Debug
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
          • CODEGRIP for PIC USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for PIC
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for dsPIC
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
          • CODEGRIP for PIC USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for PIC32
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for ARM
          • CODEGRIP for ARM USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for STM32
          • CODEGRIP for KINETIS
          • CODEGRIP for Tiva
          • CODEGRIP for Tiva USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for STM32
          • mikroProg for Tiva
          • mikroProg for Kinetis
          • mikroProg for CEC
          • mikroProg for MSP432
          • mikroProg for PSoC 5LP
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • CODEGRIP for AVR
          • CODEGRIP for AVR - USB-C
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for AVR
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for 8051
      • FT90x (32-bit)
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for FT90x
    • Smart Displays
      • 2.8"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • AVR (8-bit)
        • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • PIC (8-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 3.5"
        • ARM (32-bit)
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        • PIC (8-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 4.3"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • FT90x (32-bit)
        • PIC (8-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 5"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • FT90x (32-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 7"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • FT90x (32-bit)
    • MCU Cards
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        • 8th Generation
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      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
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      • ARM (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
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        • 8th Generation
    • Accessories
      • TFT Displays
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MikroElektronika white logo
  • Products
    • click boards icon Click Boards
      • Wireless Connectivity
        • GPS/GNSS
        • GSM/LTE
        • LTE IoT
        • BT/BLE
        • WiFi
        • RFID/NFC
        • GSM+GPS
        • 6LoWPAN
        • ZigBee
        • UWB
        • SigFox
        • Sub-1 GHz Transceievers
        • 2.4 GHz Trancevers
        • LoRa
        • WiFi+BLE
      • Sensors
        • Biometrics
        • Gas
        • Magnetic
        • Motion
        • Optical
        • Pressure
        • Proximity
        • Temperature & humidity
        • Current sensor
        • Miscellaneous
        • Environmental
        • Force
        • Inductance
        • RF meter
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Interface
        • Adapter
        • CAN
        • Port expander
        • RS485
        • USB
        • 1-Wire
        • RS232
        • Ethernet
        • LIN
        • PWM
        • Current
        • DALI
        • I2C
        • Fiber optics
        • SPI
        • DMX
        • CXPI
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Display & LED
        • LED Drivers
        • LED Matrix
        • LED Segment
        • OLED
        • LCD
        • TFT
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Miscellaneous
        • Relay
        • Optocoupler
        • ID
        • Proto
        • Encryption
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Mixed Signal
        • ADC
        • Measurements
        • DAC
        • Digital potentiometer
        • ADC-DAC
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Storage
        • EEPROM
        • FLASH
        • FRAM
        • microSD
        • MRAM
        • SRAM
        • EERAM
        • ReRAM
        • DRAM
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Motor Control
        • Brushed
        • Brushless
        • Servo
        • Stepper
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Audio & Voice
        • Amplifier
        • Microphone
        • Speakers
        • Signal Processing
        • Speech recognition
        • FM
        • MP3
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • HMI
        • Capacitive
        • Pushbutton/Switches
        • Potentiometers
        • Rotary encoder
        • Haptic
        • Fingerprint
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Clock & Timing
        • RTC
        • Clock generator
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Power Management
        • Battery charger
        • Boost
        • Buck
        • Linear
        • Buck-Boost
        • Wireless Charging
        • Power Switch
        • USB-C PD
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Click Bundles
      • Click Shields
    • necto icon NECTO
      • NECTO Studio
    • compilers icon Compilers
      • PIC
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for PIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for dsPIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for dsPIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • PIC32
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for PIC32
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC32
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC32
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • ARM
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for ARM
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for ARM
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • AVR
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for AVR
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for AVR
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • FT90x
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for FT90x
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for FT90x
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for FT90x
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • 8051
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for 8051
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for 8051
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for 8051
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
    • dev boards icon Dev Boards
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8 over USB-C
          • EasyPIC v8
          • EasyPIC v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC PRO v7a
          • PICPLC16 v7a
          • EasyPIC v7a
          • EasyPIC PRO v7
          • EasyPIC v7
        • 6th Generation
          • PICPLC16 v6
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyPIC v8 PIC24/dsPIC33
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
          • EasyPIC v7 for dsPIC30
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy24-33 v6
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC32
          • Fusion for PIC32 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for ARM v8
          • Fusion for ARM v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for STM32 v8
          • Fusion for STM32 over USB-C
          • Fusion for KINETIS v8
          • Fusion for Kinetis v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for TIVA v8
          • Fusion for TIVA v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyMx PRO v7a STM32
          • EasyMx PRO v7 STM32
          • EasyMx PRO v7 Tiva
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyAVR v8
          • EasyAVR PRO v8
          • EasyAVR PRO v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyAVR v7
        • 6th Generation
          • AVRPLC16 v6
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • 7th generation
          • BIG8051
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy8051 v6
      • PSoC (8-bit)
        • 6th Generation
          • UNI-DS6 Development System
      • RISC-V (32bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
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  1. Home
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  3. Radio Receivers, from crystal set to stereo
  4. superheterodyne-am-receivers
MikroElektronika books

4.1. Superheterodyne AM Receivers

On Pic.4.1 you can see the block diagram of a radio-broadcast superheterodyne receiver The input circuit (UK) refines the signal of the tuned station from all the voltages created in the antenna (A) by various radio transmitters and sources of disturbances. In our example, it's an AM signal that has the carrier frequency fs, and is modulated by a single tone, as seen in the rectangle above its label. This signal is being led into the stage called the mixer. Another voltage is also led into it, the voltage from the local oscillator that has the frequency of f0, and a constant amplitude. Under the effect of these two signals, the phenomenon called the outbreak takes place in the mixer, and an AM signal appears on its output, its frequency being fm=455kHz. This signal is called the inter-frequency (IF) signal, and its frequency fm the interfrequency. The IF signal has the same envelope as the station signal entering the mixer. That means, that the information from the transmitter to the mixer is carried by the signal frequency fs, and in the mixer it is being assumed by a new carrier, that has the frequency fm. When transferring to another station, the user changes the capacitance of the variable capacitor C by turning the knob, setting up the resonance frequency of the input circuit to be equal to that station's one. Another variable capacitor, Co, is located on the same shaft as C, so its capacitance changes simultaneously to that of C. This capacitor is located in the local oscillator and that is how it gets the new oscillating frequency, having such value that the difference of the oscillator and station frequencies is again equal to the inter-frequency value. Here's one numerical example. The interfrequency is being adopted by the constructor of the device, and it is mostly fm=455 kHz. When the receiver is set to the station that has the frequency of fm=684 kHz, the frequency of the local oscillator shall be fO=1139 kHz, therefore making there difference be 1139 kHz-684 kHz=455 kHz=fm. When tuning to a station that operates on the frequency of fS=1008 kHz, the listener will change the capacitances of the two capacitors until the resonant frequency of the input circuit becomes fS=1008 kHz, and the oscillator frequency fO=1463 kHz, therefore yielding 1463 kHz-1008 kHz=455 kHz=fm. If the receiver has more wavebands (LW, MW, SW1, SW2…) it is being constructed to have the same inter-frequency value for all of them. What do we gain with this change of the carrier frequency? So far we haven't mentioned one very important thing, that is that the input circuit can never be selective enough, to extrapolate only the signal of the tuned station, from all the signals that exist in the antenna. On the output of this circuit, besides the station signal, also signals of strong and local transmitters are obtained, especially the signals from the neighbouring channels (their frequency being very close to the one of the tuned station). All these signals are receiving new signal carriers in the mixing stage, with their frequencies deviating fm as much as their carrying frequencies differ from fS. E.g., if the input circuit is set on the station whose frequency is 1008 kHz, another two signals from the neighbouring channels can also emerge on its exit. radio-receivers-chapter-04-43

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