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  • Products
    • Click Boards
      • Wireless Connectivity
        • GPS/GNSS
        • GSM/LTE
        • LTE IoT
        • BT/BLE
        • WiFi+BLE
        • WiFi
        • Sub-1 GHz Transceievers
        • 2.4 GHz Trancevers
        • LoRa
        • RFID/NFC
        • GSM+GPS
        • 6LoWPAN
        • ZigBee
        • UWB
        • SigFox
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Sensors
        • Biometrics
        • Gas
        • Magnetic
        • Motion
        • Optical
        • Pressure
        • Proximity
        • Temperature & humidity
        • Current sensor
        • Miscellaneous
        • Environmental
        • Force
        • Inductance
        • RF meter
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Interface
        • Adapter
        • CAN
        • Port expander
        • RS485
        • USB
        • 1-Wire
        • RS232
        • Ethernet
        • LIN
        • PWM
        • Current
        • DALI
        • I2C
        • Fiber optics
        • SPI
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Display & LED
        • LED Drivers
        • LED Matrix
        • LED Segment
        • OLED
        • Adapter
        • Electronic Paper Display
        • LCD
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Miscellaneous
        • Relay
        • Optocoupler
        • ID
        • Proto
        • Encryption
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Mixed Signal
        • ADC
        • Measurements
        • DAC
        • Digital potentiometer
        • ADC-DAC
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Storage
        • EEPROM
        • FLASH
        • FRAM
        • microSD
        • MRAM
        • SRAM
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Motor Control
        • Brushed
        • Brushless
        • Stepper
        • Servo
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Audio & Voice
        • Amplifier
        • Microphone
        • Speakers
        • Signal Processing
        • Speech recognition
        • FM
        • MP3
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • HMI
        • Capacitive
        • Pushbutton/Switches
        • Potentiometers
        • Rotary encoder
        • Haptic
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
        • Fingerprint
      • Clock & Timing
        • RTC
        • Clock generator
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Power Management
        • Battery charger
        • Boost
        • Buck
        • Linear
        • Buck-Boost
        • Wireless Charging
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
    • Necto
      • ARM
        • C
          • mikroC AI for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • PIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • PIC32
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC32
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • dsPIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • AVR
        • C
          • mikroC AI for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
    • Compilers
      • ARM
        • C
          • mikroC AI for ARM
          • mikroC PRO for ARM
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for ARM
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • PIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC
          • mikroC PRO for PIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • PIC32
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC32
          • mikroC PRO for PIC32
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC32
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC32
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • C
          • mikroC AI for dsPIC
          • mikroC PRO for dsPIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for dsPIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • AVR
        • C
          • mikroC AI for AVR
          • mikroC PRO for AVR
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for AVR
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • 8051
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for 8051
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for 8051
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for 8051
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • FT90x
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for FT90x
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for FT90x
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for FT90x
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
    • Dev Boards
      • PIC
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyPIC PRO v8
          • EasyPIC v8
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC v7a
          • EasyPIC PRO v7
          • EasyPIC v7
        • 6th Generation
          • PICPLC16 v6
      • ARM
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for ARM v8
          • Fusion for STM32 v8
          • Fusion for KINETIS v8
          • Fusion for TIVA v8
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyMx PRO v7 for Tiva
          • EasyMx PRO v7 for STM32
      • PIC32
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC32
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
          • EasyPIC v7 for dsPIC30
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy24-33 v6
      • AVR
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyAVR v7
        • 6th Generation
          • AVRPLC16 v6
      • 8051
        • 7th generation
          • BIG8051
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy8051 v6
      • Universal Boards
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for ARM v8
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
        • UNI-DS board
          • UNI-DS6
          • mikroBoard for PIC 80-pin
          • mikroBoard for AVR
          • mikroBoard for dsPIC
          • mikroBoard for PSoC
          • mikroBoard for 8051
          • mikroBoard for PIC 40-pin
          • mikroBoard for ARM
          • mikroBoard for ARM 144-pin
      • IoT - Wearable
        • Hexiwear
          • Hexiwear
          • Hexiwear Power User Pack
          • Hexiwear Docking Station
          • Hexiwear Battery Pack
          • Hexiwear Color Pack
          • Hexiwear Workstation
      • Analog Boards
        • 7th Generation
          • Analog System Lab Kit PRO
    • Starter Boards
      • PIC
        • Clicker
          • PIC clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC18FJ
        • Ready
          • Ready for PIC Board
          • Ready for PIC (DIP28)
          • PIC-Ready2 Board
          • MMC Ready Board
        • StartUSB
          • StartUSB for PIC
      • ARM
        • Clicker
          • RA4M1 Clicker
          • Kinetis Clicker
          • MSP432 Clicker
          • CEC1702 clicker
          • CEC1302 Clicker
          • STM32 M4 clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for STM32
          • Clicker 2 for Kinetis
          • Clicker 2 for CEC1702
          • Clicker 2 for MSP432
          • Clicker 2 for CEC1302
          • Clicker 2 for PSoC 6
        • Clicker 4
          • Clicker 4 for STM32
        • MINI
          • MINI-M4 for STM32
          • MINI-M0 for STM32
          • MINI-M4 for Tiva
          • MINI-M4 for Stellaris
          • MINI-M4 for MSP432
        • Flip&Click
          • Flip&Click SAM3X
      • PIC32
        • Clicker
          • PIC32MX clicker
          • 6LoWPAN Clicker
          • PIC32MZ clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC32MX
          • Clicker 2 for PIC32MZ
        • MINI
          • MINI-32 Board
          • MINI-32 for PIC32MZ
        • Flip&Click
          • Flip&Click PIC32MZ
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC24
          • Clicker 2 for dsPIC33
        • Ready
          • dsPIC-Ready1 Board
          • dsPIC-Ready2 Board
          • DsPIC-Ready3 Board
          • dsPIC-Ready4 Board
      • AVR
        • MINI
          • MINI-AT Board - 3.3V
          • MINI-AT Board - 5V
        • Ready
          • Ready for AVR Board
          • Ready For XMEGA
          • mikroXMEGA Board
          • AVR-Ready2 Board
        • StartUSB
          • StartUSB for AVR
      • 8051
        • Ready
          • 8051-Ready Board
      • FT90x
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for FT90x
      • Miscellaneous
        • USB
          • USB Wizard
          • Quail
          • FlowPaw Kit
      • Universal Boards
        • 8th Generation
          • UNI Clicker
    • Prog-Debug
      • PIC
        • Codegrip
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for PIC
      • ARM
        • Codegrip
          • CODEGRIP for ARM
          • CODEGRIP for STM32
          • CODEGRIP for KINETIS
          • CODEGRIP for TIVA
        • MikroProg
          • mikroProg for STM32
          • mikroProg for Tiva
          • mikroProg for Kinetis
          • mikroProg for CEC
          • mikroProg for MSP432
          • mikroProg for PSoC 5LP
      • PIC32
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for PIC32
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for dsPIC
      • AVR
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for AVR
      • 8051
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for 8051
      • FT90x
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for FT90x
    • Smart Displays
      • PIC
        • 2.8"
          • PIC 18FJ
          • PIC 18FK
        • 4.3"
          • SmartGLCD
      • ARM
        • 2.8''
          • STM32 M4
          • STM32 M3
          • PSoC 5LP
          • TIVA
        • 3.5''
          • STM32F2 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F2 Cap. FPI - bazel
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - frame
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - bezel
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - bezel
          • Kinetis Capacitive
          • STM32F4 Capacitive
          • STM32F2 Capacitive
        • 4.3''
          • STM32F2 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F2 Cap. FPI - bezel
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - frame
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - bezel
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - bezel
          • Kinetis Capacitive
          • STM32F7 Capacitive
          • STM32F4 Capacitive
          • STM32 F4
          • STM32 F7
          • TIVA Capacitive
          • TIVA
        • 5''
          • STM32F7 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F7 Cap. FPI - bezel
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - frame
          • Kinetis Cap. FPI - bezel
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - frame
          • STM32F4 Cap. FPI - bezel
          • Kinetis Capacitive
          • STM32F7 Capacitive
          • STM32F4 Capacitive
          • TIVA Capacitive
          • TIVA
        • 7''
          • Capacitive FPI with frame
          • Capacitive FPI with bezel
          • Capacitive
          • STM32F4
          • STM32F7
      • PIC32
        • 2.8"
          • PIC32 MX4
        • 4.3"
          • PIC32 MX7
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • 2.8"
          • dsPIC 33FJ
          • dsPIC 33EP
          • dsPIC 24FJ
          • dsPIC 24EP
      • AVR
        • 2.8''
          • XMEGA
      • FT90x
        • 3.5"
          • HMI No Touch
          • HMI Resistive
          • HMI Capacitive
        • 4.3"
          • HMI
          • HMI Capacitive
          • HMI Resistive
          • HMI UXW
          • HMI UXB
          • Plus +
        • 5"
          • HMI
          • HMI Resistive
          • HMI Capacitive
          • HMI UXW
          • HMI UXB
        • 7"
          • HMI
          • HMI Resistive
          • HMI Capacitive
          • HMI UXW
          • HMI UXB
    • MCU Cards
      • PIC
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
        • 6th Generation
      • ARM
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
      • PIC32
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • 7th Generation
        • 6th Generation
      • AVR
        • 6th Generation
    • Accessories
      • Display
        • TFT Displays
        • LCD Modules
        • E-Paper displays
        • RGB LED Matrix Panels
      • Components
        • Microcontrollers
        • Sensors
        • Headers and Connectors
        • Buttons and Switches
        • Wire Jumpers and Cables
        • Antennas
        • Power Supplies
        • Batteries
        • Breadboards
        • RFid
        • Motors
        • SD Cards
      • Add-on Boards
        • TFT
        • Adapter
        • Miscellaneous
        • Ethernet
        • USB
        • microSD
        • LCD
        • LED Matrix
        • LED Segment
        • Battery charger
        • ADC
        • CAN
        • DAC
        • GPS/GNSS
        • Motion
        • Relay
        • WiFi
        • ZigBee
        • RS232
        • RS485
        • MP3
        • EEPROM
        • FLASH
        • Microphone
        • Potentiometer
        • RFID/NFC
        • RTC
        • Stepper
        • Temperature & Humidity
    • Kits
      • PIC
        • mikroLab
          • PIC M
          • PIC L
          • PIC 18FK
          • PIC XL
          • PIC 18FJ
        • EasyStart
          • PIC EasyStart
        • TFT Designer
          • PIC 18FJ
        • TFT Developer
          • PIC 18FJ
        • GLCD Designer
          • GLCD Designer
        • GLCD Developer
          • GLCD Developer
      • ARM
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for STM32
          • mikroLAB for Tiva
        • EasyStart Kits
          • EasyStart Kit - STM32
          • Easy Start Kit - Tiva
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT 3" - TIVA
          • TFT 4" - STM32F4
          • TFT 5" - TIVA
          • TFT 7" - STM32F4
          • TFT 3" - STM32 M3
          • TFT 3" - STM32 M4
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT 3" - TIVA
          • TFT 3" - STM32F3
          • TFT 3" - STM32F4
        • TFT Professional Kits
          • TFT 5 Pro Kit - TIVA
          • TFT 7 Pro Kit - STM32F4
          • TFT Plus Pro Kit - STM32F4
      • PIC32
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for PIC32
        • EasyStart Kits
          • EasyStart Kit - PIC32MX4
          • EasyStart Kit - PIC32MX7
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT 3" - PIC32MX4
          • TFT 4" - PIC32MX7
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT 3" - PIC32MX4
        • Home Automation
          • AWS Home
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for dsPIC
          • mikroLAB for dsPIC L
          • mikroLAB for dsPIC XL
        • EasyStart Kits
          • EasyStart Kit - dsPIC33FJ
          • EasyStart Kit - dsPIC33EP
          • EasyStart Kit - PIC24EP
          • Easy Start Kit - dsPIC30
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33FJ
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33EP
          • TFT 3" - PIC24EP
          • TFT 3" - PIC24FJ
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33FJ
          • TFT 3" - PIC24FJ
          • TFT 3" - PIC24EP
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33EP
      • AVR
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for AVR
          • mikroLAB for AVR L
          • mikroLAB for AVR XL
        • EasyStart Kits
          • Easy Start Kit - AVR
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT Designer kit - XMEGA
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT Developer kit - XMEGA
      • 8051
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for 8051 L
          • mikroLAB for 8051
        • EasyStart Kits
          • Easy Start Kit - 8051
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MikroElektronika white logo
  • Products
    • click boards icon Click Boards
      • Wireless Connectivity
        • GPS/GNSS
        • GSM/LTE
        • LTE IoT
        • BT/BLE
        • WiFi+BLE
        • WiFi
        • Sub-1 GHz Transceievers
        • 2.4 GHz Trancevers
        • LoRa
        • RFID/NFC
        • GSM+GPS
        • 6LoWPAN
        • ZigBee
        • UWB
        • SigFox
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Sensors
        • Biometrics
        • Gas
        • Magnetic
        • Motion
        • Optical
        • Pressure
        • Proximity
        • Temperature & humidity
        • Current sensor
        • Miscellaneous
        • Environmental
        • Force
        • Inductance
        • RF meter
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Interface
        • Adapter
        • CAN
        • Port expander
        • RS485
        • USB
        • 1-Wire
        • RS232
        • Ethernet
        • LIN
        • PWM
        • Current
        • DALI
        • I2C
        • Fiber optics
        • SPI
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Display & LED
        • LED Drivers
        • LED Matrix
        • LED Segment
        • OLED
        • Adapter
        • Electronic Paper Display
        • LCD
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Miscellaneous
        • Relay
        • Optocoupler
        • ID
        • Proto
        • Encryption
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Mixed Signal
        • ADC
        • Measurements
        • DAC
        • Digital potentiometer
        • ADC-DAC
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Storage
        • EEPROM
        • FLASH
        • FRAM
        • microSD
        • MRAM
        • SRAM
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Motor Control
        • Brushed
        • Brushless
        • Stepper
        • Servo
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Audio & Voice
        • Amplifier
        • Microphone
        • Speakers
        • Signal Processing
        • Speech recognition
        • FM
        • MP3
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • HMI
        • Capacitive
        • Pushbutton/Switches
        • Potentiometers
        • Rotary encoder
        • Haptic
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
        • Fingerprint
      • Clock & Timing
        • RTC
        • Clock generator
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Power Management
        • Battery charger
        • Boost
        • Buck
        • Linear
        • Buck-Boost
        • Wireless Charging
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
    • necto icon Necto
      • ARM
        • C
          • mikroC AI for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • PIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • PIC32
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC32
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • dsPIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
      • AVR
        • C
          • mikroC AI for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • Visual TFT AI
    • compilers icon Compilers
      • ARM
        • C
          • mikroC AI for ARM
          • mikroC PRO for ARM
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for ARM
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • PIC
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC
          • mikroC PRO for PIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • PIC32
        • C
          • mikroC AI for PIC32
          • mikroC PRO for PIC32
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC32
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC32
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • C
          • mikroC AI for dsPIC
          • mikroC PRO for dsPIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for dsPIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • AVR
        • C
          • mikroC AI for AVR
          • mikroC PRO for AVR
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for AVR
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • 8051
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for 8051
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for 8051
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for 8051
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • FT90x
        • C
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  3. Radio Receivers, from crystal set to stereo
  4. miniature-receiver-with-zn414-zn414z-ic
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3.10 Miniature Receiver with ZN414 (ZN414Z) IC

The receiver from Pic.3.25 can be made portable (without an external antenna) if ferrite antenna is used instead of the carton-body coil, right? Well, not exactly. The ferrite antenna is a directional - type antenna, meaning that it does matter where are the waves made by transmitter coming from. The voltage being induced in it under the effect of EM field is the biggest if the ferrite rod is in horizontal position, aimed in such a manner that its axis is perpendicular to the direction of spread of the waves (i.e. perpendicular to the direction towards the transmitter). If the rod is being turned (in horizontal plane), the voltage decreases and gets to minimum when the rod is turned for 90 degrees, i.e. When the rod axis is parallel to the direction pointing towards the transmitter. That means that when the receiver from Pic.3.25 (with the ferrite antenna) is tuned to some station, the reception can be additionally improved by simply rotating it. The directional feature of the antenna is useful here. This, however, can be bad if the receiver is used in motion, since the volume would be constantly changing, and the receiver should be constantly turned towards the transmitter. It would clearly prove itself useful to have an electronic circuit in the receiver that would be automatically changing the amplification of the receiver, in such a manner that it would be increased when the signal in the antenna weakens and vice versa. This would even be convenient in the stationary - type receivers, since it would provide the constant sound strength in the loudspeaker during the reception of signals of various power. Such circuit does exist in modern receivers, and is called the Automatic Amplification Regulation circuit (AAR). AAR circuit could be added to some of the receivers described in previous projects. The mishap is that electrical diagrams would then become significantly more complex, which would reflect itself both on the price and the realizability. The solution, however, does exist, and is rather simple: it’s the ZN414 IC, being promoted as an “AM Receiver”. Its block diagram is given on the Pic.3.30. The signal from the input radio-receivers-chapter-03-32b radio-receivers-chapter-03-33 circuit (with ferrite antenna) is led on pin 2 of the IC, which is the input of the amplifier (Z) that has very big input impedance (about 4 MOhms). This is very significant, since such amplifier does not load the oscillatory circuit and doesn’t reduce its Q- factor. The signal is then being amplified through 3-stage HF amplifier (HFA) and demodulated in the detector, thereby exiting the IC as an LF signal (music, speech...). In the right part of the Pic.3.30 the pin description of the ZN414 is given. As you can see, it is placed in a housing usually used for small-power transistors, either plastic (on top, like BC547) or metal (bottom, like BC107). One end of the oscillatory circuit is connected to the ground over the C1 capacitor (for AC voltages), since input into the amplifier Z is between pin 2 and the ground, where the input signal is to be brought. The automatic amplification regulation (control) is achieved by returning the DC component of the detected signal from the output to the input of the IC, over the R1 resistor. This DC voltage is being created on R2 resistor. It is substantial for the correct operation of ZN414, its resistance must be such that DC voltage on the pin 1 (to the ground) when no station is being received, is equal to 0.9 V. While calculating the R2 one must have in mind that the idle current of the IC goes through it, its typical value being 0.3 mA, and maximum 0.5 mA (more data about ZN414 can be found in table on Pic.3.36). The electrical diagram of a small portable MW radio receiver, reproduction being done over the headphones, is given on Pic.3.31. The LF signal is led from the ZN414 output over the coupling capacitor C3 to simple amplifier made with BC547 transistor (or similar), which we discussed about before. This can even be done without the LF amplifier. If you have high-resistance headphones that are sensitive enough connect them between the right end of C3 and the ground, and omit the transistor, R3 R4 and C4. The 1.5V battery is being used in this device, therefore the necessary 0.6V voltage drop is done with R2=1.5 kOhms. You should, just in case, connect first a 5 kOhms trimmer instead of R2, put its slider in the mid position, turn on the receiver and set it on an empty place on the scale, where no signal can be heard. Connect the voltmeter between the pin1 and ground, and carefully move the slider until the instrument shows 0.9V. If you have no instrument, tune the receiver to some station and move the slider carefully until you reach an optimum receipt. Then turn the variable capacitor’s knob across the entire scale, to ensure that receiver is working well throughout the entire reception range. If everything is OK turn off the receiver, disconnect the trimmer, measure its resistance and solder an appropriate resistor on the PCB. While experimenting with R2 please have in mind that its resistance should be in any case no less than 600 Ohms. On Pic.3.32 the PCB, ferrite antenna and look of entire device are shown. If you plan to make a different PCB, since the device works on high frequencies, you have to obey certain rules in order to have a reliable and stable operation: a. The splitting capacitor C2 has to be mounted as close as possible to the pin 1 of the ZN414. Its capacitance affects both the amplification (which increases with increase of C2) and the limit frequency of the LF signal (which decreases with increase of C2), so the compromise has to be found. You may put for start C2=82 nF (or even 100 nF), and if the reproduction quality pleases you - everything is in order. You could try with smaller capacitance, the amplification will decrease but the reproduction will be better, etc. b. All the connections, especially those near the ZN414, must be kept as short as possible. c. The ferrite antenna and variable capacitor should be placed as far away from the battery, loudspeaker (if existing) and the cables connecting them to the PCB. d. The rotor (G- leg) of the variable capacitor must be connected with the junction of R1 and C1. Regarding the ferrite antenna, the best thing would be using some that is retrieved from some disused conventional receiver, more on this was told in the project No.3.8. If you can’t find one, or it is unsuitable for some reason, you can make it according to Pic.3.32-c. The length of the ferrite rod is 42 mm. If you have a longer rod, cut it down to size. This cannot be done with the saw, but a groove must be made with the rasp all around, after which the rod can be simply broken in two. The coil body is, again, made of paper tape that is spooled and glued onto the rod. Before you start with spooling, several pieces of 0.5 mm wire (3 on the picture) should be inserted between the rod and the paper. The coil has got 80 quirks of lacquer -isolated copper wire, its diameter being app. 0.2 mm. The beginning and the end of the coil are fixed with the scotch tape (the starting quirks are pressed on the coil body and fixed with several reels of 3 mm tape. The same is done with the ending ones). When the body is finished, the wires are removed. It is thus achieved that the coil body doesn’t lay firmly on the rod, which can now be moved side-to-side, changing thereby the inductance of the coil, so that its optimum value can be established. If you still decide not to use the ferrite antenna, you can use our coil from Pic.3.6. In that case, the leg should be kept “in air”, i.e. it is not used. radio-receivers-chapter-03-34a * The battery can be connected to the PCB with two pieces of wire that are soldered to it. This solution is fine if you are skilled in soldering and can easily un-solder the old battery and attach the new one. But if you intend to give the receiver to someone, and he/she is not a soldering-lover, you’ll have to find another solution. The simplest thing to do is take the battery housing from an old receiver, do the necessary adjustments and connect it with the PCB with two pieces of flexible (litz) wire. If you cannot do the former, make two battery platforms of brass, as shown on Pic.3.33 and solder them on two copper areas on PCB that are big enough to support them. If you accept this solution, your PCB must be bigger (The additional part is shown in dashed line, on Pic.3.32-a). The board now also contains the holes for the screws, which are fixing it onto the device box. On the platform that supports negative (-) battery pole, a small spring can be attached, to provide a good contact. If you don’t have such a spring, bend the platforms inwards a little, to keep the battery firmly in place. If you are using a power source whose voltage is greater than 1.5 V, the R2 resistance should be increased. The exact value for it is best to find as previously described, by using the 50 kOhms trimmer. Even better solution is using one of the circuits from the Pic.3.34. Which one should it be? The one on the Pic.3.34-d gives the best operating performance. The setting is done with the TP trimmer. The slider is put in the lowest position, and then is slowly moved upwards until the voltage on the pin 1 doesn’t reach the level required. However, this circuit applies a big load onto the battery, surging from it the current I=(9V-3V)/680Ohm=8.8 mA. radio-receivers-chapter-03-34b radio-receivers-chapter-03-35a

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