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        • C
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      • PIC32
        • C
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        • Basic
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        • Pascal
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        • Additional Software
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      • ARM
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
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        • Basic
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        • Additional Software
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          • Visual TFT
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      • AVR
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
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        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for AVR
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for AVR
        • Additional Software
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          • Visual TFT
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          • Package Manager
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      • FT90x
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for FT90x
        • Basic
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        • Pascal
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        • Additional Software
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          • Visual TFT
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          • CAN calculator
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          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • 8051
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for 8051
        • Basic
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        • Pascal
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        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
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          • Visual TFT
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          • CAN calculator
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          • MikroPlot
    • Dev Boards
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8 over USB-C
          • EasyPIC v8
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          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC PRO v7a
          • PICPLC16 v7a
          • EasyPIC v7a
          • EasyPIC PRO v7
          • EasyPIC v7
        • 6th Generation
          • PICPLC16 v6
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyPIC v8 PIC24/dsPIC33
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
          • EasyPIC v7 for dsPIC30
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy24-33 v6
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC32
          • Fusion for PIC32 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for ARM v8
          • Fusion for ARM v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for STM32 v8
          • Fusion for STM32 over USB-C
          • Fusion for KINETIS v8
          • Fusion for Kinetis v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for TIVA v8
          • Fusion for TIVA v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyMx PRO v7a STM32
          • EasyMx PRO v7 STM32
          • EasyMx PRO v7 Tiva
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyAVR PRO v8
          • EasyAVR PRO v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyAVR v7
        • 6th Generation
          • AVRPLC16 v6
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • 7th generation
          • BIG8051
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy8051 v6
      • PSoC (8-bit)
        • 6th Generation
          • UNI-DS6 Development System
      • RISC-V (32bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
      • Universal Boards
        • 8th Generation
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • Fusion for ARM v8
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
        • 6th Generation
          • UNI-DS6
          • mikroBoard for PIC 80-pin
          • mikroBoard for AVR
          • mikroBoard for dsPIC
          • mikroBoard for PSoC
          • mikroBoard for 8051
          • mikroBoard for PIC 40-pin
          • mikroBoard for ARM
          • mikroBoard for ARM 144-pin
      • IoT - Wearable
        • Hexiwear
          • Hexiwear
          • Hexiwear Power User Pack
          • Hexiwear Docking Station
          • Hexiwear Battery Pack
          • Hexiwear Color Pack
          • Hexiwear Workstation
      • Analog Boards
        • 7th Generation
          • Analog System Lab Kit PRO
    • Starter Boards
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • Clicker
          • PIC clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC18FJ
          • Clicker 2 for PIC18FK
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • Ready
          • Ready for PIC Board
          • Ready for PIC (DIP28)
          • PIC-Ready2 Board
          • MMC Ready Board
        • StartUSB
          • StartUSB for PIC
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC24
          • Clicker 2 for dsPIC33
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • Ready
          • dsPIC-Ready1 Board
          • dsPIC-Ready2 Board
          • DsPIC-Ready3 Board
          • dsPIC-Ready4 Board
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • Clicker
          • PIC32MX clicker
          • 6LoWPAN Clicker
          • PIC32MZ clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC32MX
          • Clicker 2 for PIC32MZ
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • MINI
          • MINI-32 Board
          • MINI-32 for PIC32MZ
        • Flip&Click
          • Flip&Click PIC32MZ
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • Clicker
          • RA4M1 Clicker
          • Kinetis Clicker
          • MSP432 Clicker
          • CEC1702 clicker
          • CEC1302 Clicker
          • STM32 M4 clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for STM32
          • Clicker 2 for Kinetis
          • Clicker 2 for CEC1702
          • Clicker 2 for MSP432
          • Clicker 2 for CEC1302
          • Clicker 2 for PSoC 6
        • Clicker 4
          • Clicker 4 for TMPM4K
          • Clicker 4 for STM32
          • UNI Clicker
        • MINI
          • MINI-M4 for STM32
          • MINI-M4 For Kinetis
          • MINI-M4 for Tiva
          • MINI-M4 for Stellaris
          • MINI-M4 for MSP432
          • MINI-M0 for STM32
        • Flip&Click
          • Flip&Click SAM3X
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • MINI
          • MINI-AT Board - 3.3V
          • MINI-AT Board - 5V
        • Ready
          • Ready for AVR Board
          • Ready For XMEGA
          • mikroXMEGA Board
          • AVR-Ready2 Board
        • StartUSB
          • StartUSB for AVR
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • Ready
          • 8051-Ready Board
      • FT90x (32-bit)
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for FT90x
      • Miscellaneous
        • USB
          • USB Wizard
          • Quail
          • FlowPaw Kit
      • Universal Boards
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
    • Prog-Debug
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
          • CODEGRIP for PIC USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for PIC
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for dsPIC
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
          • CODEGRIP for PIC USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for PIC32
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for ARM
          • CODEGRIP for ARM USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for STM32
          • CODEGRIP for KINETIS
          • CODEGRIP for Tiva
          • CODEGRIP for Tiva USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for STM32
          • mikroProg for Tiva
          • mikroProg for Kinetis
          • mikroProg for CEC
          • mikroProg for MSP432
          • mikroProg for PSoC 5LP
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • CODEGRIP for AVR
          • CODEGRIP for AVR - USB-C
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for AVR
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for 8051
      • FT90x (32-bit)
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for FT90x
    • Smart Displays
      • 2.8"
        • ARM (32-bit)
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        • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
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      • 3.5"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • FT90x (32-bit)
        • PIC (8-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 4.3"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • FT90x (32-bit)
        • PIC (8-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 5"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • FT90x (32-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 7"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • FT90x (32-bit)
    • MCU Cards
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
        • 6th Generation
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
        • 6th Generation
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        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
      • RISC-V (32bit)
        • 8th Generation
    • Accessories
      • TFT Displays
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      • ARM
        • mikroLab Kits
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          • mikroLAB for Tiva
        • EasyStart Kits
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        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT 3" - TIVA
          • TFT 4" - STM32F4
          • TFT 5" - TIVA
          • TFT 7" - STM32F4
          • TFT 3" - STM32 M3
          • TFT 3" - STM32 M4
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT 3" - TIVA
          • TFT 3" - STM32F3
          • TFT 3" - STM32F4
        • TFT Professional Kits
          • TFT 5 Pro Kit - TIVA
          • TFT 7 Pro Kit - STM32F4
          • TFT Plus Pro Kit - STM32F4
      • PIC32
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for PIC32
        • EasyStart Kits
          • EasyStart Kit - PIC32MX4
          • EasyStart Kit - PIC32MX7
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT 3" - PIC32MX4
          • TFT 4" - PIC32MX7
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT 3" - PIC32MX4
        • Home Automation
          • AWS Home
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for dsPIC
          • mikroLAB for dsPIC L
          • mikroLAB for dsPIC XL
        • EasyStart Kits
          • EasyStart Kit - dsPIC33FJ
          • EasyStart Kit - dsPIC33EP
          • EasyStart Kit - PIC24EP
          • Easy Start Kit - dsPIC30
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33FJ
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33EP
          • TFT 3" - PIC24EP
          • TFT 3" - PIC24FJ
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33FJ
          • TFT 3" - PIC24FJ
          • TFT 3" - PIC24EP
          • TFT 3" - dsPIC33EP
      • AVR
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for AVR
          • mikroLAB for AVR L
          • mikroLAB for AVR XL
        • EasyStart Kits
          • Easy Start Kit - AVR
        • TFT Designer Kits
          • TFT Designer kit - XMEGA
        • TFT Developer Kits
          • TFT Developer kit - XMEGA
      • 8051
        • mikroLab Kits
          • mikroLAB for 8051 L
          • mikroLAB for 8051
        • EasyStart Kits
          • Easy Start Kit - 8051
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MikroElektronika white logo
  • Products
    • click boards icon Click Boards
      • Wireless Connectivity
        • GPS/GNSS
        • GSM/LTE
        • LTE IoT
        • BT/BLE
        • WiFi
        • RFID/NFC
        • GSM+GPS
        • 6LoWPAN
        • ZigBee
        • UWB
        • SigFox
        • Sub-1 GHz Transceievers
        • 2.4 GHz Trancevers
        • LoRa
      • Sensors
        • Biometrics
        • Gas
        • Magnetic
        • Motion
        • Optical
        • Pressure
        • Proximity
        • Temperature & humidity
        • Current sensor
        • Miscellaneous
        • Environmental
        • Force
        • Inductance
        • RF meter
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Interface
        • Adapter
        • CAN
        • Port expander
        • RS485
        • USB
        • 1-Wire
        • RS232
        • Ethernet
        • LIN
        • PWM
        • Current
        • DALI
        • I2C
        • Fiber optics
        • SPI
        • DMX
        • CXPI
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Display & LED
        • LED Drivers
        • LED Matrix
        • LED Segment
        • OLED
        • LCD
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Miscellaneous
        • Relay
        • Optocoupler
        • ID
        • Proto
        • Encryption
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Mixed Signal
        • ADC
        • Measurements
        • DAC
        • Digital potentiometer
        • ADC-DAC
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Storage
        • EEPROM
        • FLASH
        • FRAM
        • microSD
        • MRAM
        • SRAM
        • EERAM
        • ReRAM
        • DRAM
        • Click Shields
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      • Motor Control
        • Brushed
        • Brushless
        • Servo
        • Stepper
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Audio & Voice
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        • Speakers
        • Signal Processing
        • Speech recognition
        • FM
        • MP3
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • HMI
        • Capacitive
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        • Haptic
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    • necto icon NECTO
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    • compilers icon Compilers
      • PIC
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        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
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          • Visual TFT
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      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for dsPIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for dsPIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
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          • Visual TFT
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          • MikroPlot
      • PIC32
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for PIC32
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC32
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC32
        • Additional Software
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          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
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          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • ARM
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for ARM
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for ARM
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • AVR
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for AVR
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for AVR
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • FT90x
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for FT90x
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for FT90x
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for FT90x
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • 8051
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for 8051
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for 8051
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for 8051
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
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          • Visual TFT
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          • Package Manager
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          • CAN calculator
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          • MikroPlot
    • dev boards icon Dev Boards
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8
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  3. Radio Receivers, from crystal set to stereo
  4. a-reaction-type-receiver
MikroElektronika books

3.9-a Reaction - type Receiver

In the previous project, in the context of Pic.3.26, we have seen how important it its for an oscillatory circuit of the receiver to have as big Q- factor as possible. The bigger it is, the receiver gets more selective, i.e. capable to separate the signal of the station the oscillatory circuit is tuned at from the multitude of signals in the reception antenna, at the same time suppressing other signals. There is yet another important thing to be emphasized: the voltage in the oscillatory circuit is Q times bigger than the voltage that is being led to it from the antenna. If Q=95 and the voltage in the antenna is, say, 1 mV, the voltage exiting the circuit is then 95 mV. It is then clear that the Q- factor should be as big as possible. Some improvements can be made by using the silver - coated wire instead of the plain copper one, of using ceramic material for the coil body instead of carton etc. These improvements, however, are not significant. The solution for this was, eventually, found: It was the process known as the “regeneration”, many scientists had been working on it simultaneously, A. Meissner being one of the more important ones. The complete process was patented in 1913 by the American radio - pioneer Edwin H. Armstrong, two months before his 23rd. Birthday. He discovered that the Q- factor could be extremely increased (even by couple of tens of times), if the signal from the inlet circuit would be amplified with the triode and then the small part of this amplified voltage adequately returned into the inlet circuit. The radio station signal could therefore be amplified to much greater extent, and the reception of very far stations became possible, the thing that wasn’t even thought of, until then. From an average listener’s point of view, the main mishap of this regenerative, or, here better known as reactive, receiver was the fact that optimal tuning required somewhat more skill and basic knowledge of the working principles. Much easier tuning was that of the superheterodyne receiver (invented also by Armstrong), which was reduced to turning only one reel, and it contributed, to a great extent, to its final victory. The battle between the two concepts lasted for almost half a century, but the reactive receiver did not retreat itself completely. Even nowadays an electrical diagram of some younger and more modern brother, or rather a grand-grandson of once famous reactive receiver, appears in some popular electronics magazine. One such diagram, where the triode is replaced by a MOSFET, is given on Pic.3.29-a. Radio engineering enthusiasts know that, as soon as the signal from the input circuit is led on the gate (G1) and that the source (S) isn’t connected to the ground but to the coil leg (point No.3), they have a diagram of the Hartley’s oscillator in front of them and that connecting the source to the leg No.3, the so-called positive feedback (positive reaction)is achieved. But, the abovementioned labourers also know that the oscillator shall oscillate only if the leg No.3 is made on the right spot, and the P1, TP1 and TP2 variable resistors are set on the right values. Let us imagine that everything is OK: the coil leg is right where it should be, the slider of the variable resistor P1 is in the middle of the range, and trimmers TP1 and TP2 are set in such a manner that the oscillator is really oscillating. It behaves then as the generator, that creates the sinusoidally - shaped AC voltage, whose amplitude is a couple of volts. Theoretically speaking, the Q- factor is now infinitely big . All this shall produce a very strong whistling sound in the loudspeaker. The slider of P1 should now be carefully moved downwards. The transistor amplification is hereby reduced and the oscillating stops. The Q-factor is being reduced too, it is no longer infinite but is still very big. The receiver is now tuned on the desired station. If the station signal is weak, everything should be OK and the programme should be heard. The reception can then be made better, by carefully operating with P1’s slider. If the whistling emerges again, the slider should be moved backwards until it stops. If we come upon some stronger station the whistling will start immediately, in which case the slider P2 should be carefully moved downwards until it stops and the station programme is heard, loud and clear. As one may notice, every time this receiver is being attuned to optimal receipt the whistling is being heard for a short while. This is why it has been named “The Whistler” in some countries . radio-receivers-chapter-03-29 The amount of the reaction (feedback, regeneration) is controlled with P1 potentiometer, which sets the magnitude of DC voltage on the gate G2 of the MOSFET, changing therewith the amount of its amplification. The range of this control is being determined with TP1 trimmer, G2 is connected to the AC signal’s ground over C2 simultaneously eliminating the noise coming from the potentiometer, and the FET is de-coupled from the supply line (and therefore all other stages of the device by the LF filter made of C3, C4 and R2. The receiver is being tuned as follows: Put the slider of P2 in mid position and later, after tuning, you can set the volume as you wish. Set the P2 at minimum resistance (slider full down), and P2 on maximum (slider full right), connect the antenna and close the switch S. Start moving the slider P1 upwards, the reaction gets stronger and stronger, and you can hear the typical hiss or some radio programme from the loudspeaker. Move the variable capacitor C and tune the receiver to various stations. If the whistling starts, put the slider P1 back down. Set the capacitor is minimum capacitance position (see Pic.3.7), put the slider P1 fully upwards and start carefully increasing the resistance TP2 until the whistling stops. Measure the TP2 and insert in the device the ordinary resistor of similar resistance. The TP1 trimmer should be set in such a way to have as big resistance as possible, keeping at the same time the reaction effective throughout the entire reception bandwidth of the receiver. * During every station change (with C), a maximum amount of reaction should be set (with P1). Move the slider upwards until the oscillating occurs, then put it back down a little. * While receiving very strong signal (local transmitter), an overload can occur. If that happens, you should insert a 1 MOhm potentiometer between the antenna (A) and the upper end of C1 capacitor; it should be connected as the rheostat (like TP1 and TP2), then you can set the optimum reception with slider. * SW - band stations can also be received with this device, with a different coil. In this case it would be very useful to add a trimmer capacitor in parallel to the variable capacitor, being marked as Ct on Pic.3.29-a. With it the so-called “range yielding” can be done (the initial, approximate setting is done with C, and fine tuning between closely placed stations with Ct). It should be mounted on the front panel, as close to C as possible. Another type of capacitor can be used as Ct, see more about it in the Appendix. The SSB (Single Side Band) technique transmissions are also being placed in the SW band area. These signals cannot be received with the earlier described receivers, but they can with this one. In that case the slider P1 should be moved a bit more upwards, so that oscillating can occur. The reception becomes clear, before that it was unrecognizable. * If the local radio station still corrupts the reception of other stations, you should insert the circuit that will suppress its signal. You can read more about it also in the Appendix.

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