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        • C
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      • PIC32
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
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        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC32
        • Pascal
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        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
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          • Visual TFT
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          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • ARM
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for ARM
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for ARM
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
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          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • AVR
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for AVR
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for AVR
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • FT90x
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for FT90x
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for FT90x
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for FT90x
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • 8051
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for 8051
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for 8051
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for 8051
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
    • Dev Boards
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8 over USB-C
          • EasyPIC v8
          • EasyPIC v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC PRO v7a
          • PICPLC16 v7a
          • EasyPIC v7a
          • EasyPIC PRO v7
          • EasyPIC v7
        • 6th Generation
          • PICPLC16 v6
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyPIC v8 PIC24/dsPIC33
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
          • EasyPIC v7 for dsPIC30
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy24-33 v6
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC32
          • Fusion for PIC32 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for ARM v8
          • Fusion for ARM v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for STM32 v8
          • Fusion for STM32 over USB-C
          • Fusion for KINETIS v8
          • Fusion for Kinetis v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for TIVA v8
          • Fusion for TIVA v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyMx PRO v7a STM32
          • EasyMx PRO v7 STM32
          • EasyMx PRO v7 Tiva
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyAVR v8
          • EasyAVR PRO v8
          • EasyAVR PRO v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyAVR v7
        • 6th Generation
          • AVRPLC16 v6
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • 7th generation
          • BIG8051
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy8051 v6
      • PSoC (8-bit)
        • 6th Generation
          • UNI-DS6 Development System
      • RISC-V (32bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
      • Universal Boards
        • 8th Generation
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • Fusion for ARM v8
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
        • 6th Generation
          • UNI-DS6
          • mikroBoard for PIC 80-pin
          • mikroBoard for AVR
          • mikroBoard for dsPIC
          • mikroBoard for PSoC
          • mikroBoard for 8051
          • mikroBoard for PIC 40-pin
          • mikroBoard for ARM
          • mikroBoard for ARM 144-pin
      • IoT - Wearable
        • Hexiwear
          • Hexiwear
          • Hexiwear Power User Pack
          • Hexiwear Docking Station
          • Hexiwear Battery Pack
          • Hexiwear Color Pack
          • Hexiwear Workstation
      • Analog Boards
        • 7th Generation
          • Analog System Lab Kit PRO
    • Starter Boards
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • Clicker
          • PIC clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC18FJ
          • Clicker 2 for PIC18FK
        • Clicker 4
          • Clicker 4 for PIC18F
          • UNI Clicker
        • Ready
          • Ready for PIC Board
          • Ready for PIC (DIP28)
          • PIC-Ready2 Board
          • MMC Ready Board
        • StartUSB
          • StartUSB for PIC
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC24
          • Clicker 2 for dsPIC33
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • Ready
          • dsPIC-Ready1 Board
          • dsPIC-Ready2 Board
          • DsPIC-Ready3 Board
          • dsPIC-Ready4 Board
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • Clicker
          • PIC32MX clicker
          • 6LoWPAN Clicker
          • PIC32MZ clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for PIC32MX
          • Clicker 2 for PIC32MZ
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • MINI
          • MINI-32 Board
          • MINI-32 for PIC32MZ
        • Flip&Click
          • Flip&Click PIC32MZ
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • Clicker
          • RA4M1 Clicker
          • Kinetis Clicker
          • MSP432 Clicker
          • CEC1702 clicker
          • CEC1302 Clicker
          • STM32 M4 clicker
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for STM32
          • Clicker 2 for Kinetis
          • Clicker 2 for CEC1702
          • Clicker 2 for MSP432
          • Clicker 2 for CEC1302
          • Clicker 2 for PSoC 6
        • Clicker 4
          • Clicker 4 for STM32F745VG
          • Clicker 4 for STM32F4
          • Clicker 4 for TMPM3H
          • Clicker 4 for TMPM4K
          • Clicker 4 for STM32
          • UNI Clicker
        • MINI
          • MINI-M4 for STM32
          • MINI-M4 For Kinetis
          • MINI-M4 for Tiva
          • MINI-M4 for Stellaris
          • MINI-M4 for MSP432
          • MINI-M0 for STM32
        • Flip&Click
          • Flip&Click SAM3X
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
        • MINI
          • MINI-AT Board - 3.3V
          • MINI-AT Board - 5V
        • Ready
          • Ready for AVR Board
          • Ready For XMEGA
          • mikroXMEGA Board
          • AVR-Ready2 Board
        • StartUSB
          • StartUSB for AVR
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • Ready
          • 8051-Ready Board
      • FT90x (32-bit)
        • Clicker 2
          • Clicker 2 for FT90x
      • Miscellaneous
        • USB
          • USB Wizard
          • Quail
          • FlowPaw Kit
      • Universal Boards
        • Clicker 4
          • UNI Clicker
    • Prog-Debug
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
          • CODEGRIP for PIC USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for PIC
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for dsPIC
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for PIC
          • CODEGRIP for PIC USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for PIC32
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for ARM
          • CODEGRIP for ARM USB-C
          • CODEGRIP for STM32
          • CODEGRIP for KINETIS
          • CODEGRIP for Tiva
          • CODEGRIP for Tiva USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for STM32
          • mikroProg for Tiva
          • mikroProg for Kinetis
          • mikroProg for CEC
          • mikroProg for MSP432
          • mikroProg for PSoC 5LP
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • CODEGRIP
          • CODEGRIP for AVR
          • CODEGRIP for AVR - USB-C
          • UNI CODEGRIP
          • UNI CODEGRIP - USB-C
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for AVR
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for 8051
      • FT90x (32-bit)
        • mikroProg
          • mikroProg for FT90x
    • Smart Displays
      • 2.8"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • AVR (8-bit)
        • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • PIC (8-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 3.5"
        • ARM (32-bit)
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        • PIC (8-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 4.3"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • FT90x (32-bit)
        • PIC (8-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 5"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • FT90x (32-bit)
        • PIC32 (32-bit)
      • 7"
        • ARM (32-bit)
        • FT90x (32-bit)
    • MCU Cards
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        • 8th Generation
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      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
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      • ARM (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
        • 7th Generation
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
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        • 8th Generation
    • Accessories
      • TFT Displays
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MikroElektronika white logo
  • Products
    • click boards icon Click Boards
      • Wireless Connectivity
        • GPS/GNSS
        • GSM/LTE
        • LTE IoT
        • BT/BLE
        • WiFi
        • RFID/NFC
        • GSM+GPS
        • 6LoWPAN
        • ZigBee
        • UWB
        • SigFox
        • Sub-1 GHz Transceievers
        • 2.4 GHz Trancevers
        • LoRa
        • WiFi+BLE
      • Sensors
        • Biometrics
        • Gas
        • Magnetic
        • Motion
        • Optical
        • Pressure
        • Proximity
        • Temperature & humidity
        • Current sensor
        • Miscellaneous
        • Environmental
        • Force
        • Inductance
        • RF meter
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Interface
        • Adapter
        • CAN
        • Port expander
        • RS485
        • USB
        • 1-Wire
        • RS232
        • Ethernet
        • LIN
        • PWM
        • Current
        • DALI
        • I2C
        • Fiber optics
        • SPI
        • DMX
        • CXPI
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Display & LED
        • LED Drivers
        • LED Matrix
        • LED Segment
        • OLED
        • LCD
        • TFT
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Miscellaneous
        • Relay
        • Optocoupler
        • ID
        • Proto
        • Encryption
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Mixed Signal
        • ADC
        • Measurements
        • DAC
        • Digital potentiometer
        • ADC-DAC
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Storage
        • EEPROM
        • FLASH
        • FRAM
        • microSD
        • MRAM
        • SRAM
        • EERAM
        • ReRAM
        • DRAM
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Motor Control
        • Brushed
        • Brushless
        • Servo
        • Stepper
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Audio & Voice
        • Amplifier
        • Microphone
        • Speakers
        • Signal Processing
        • Speech recognition
        • FM
        • MP3
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • HMI
        • Capacitive
        • Pushbutton/Switches
        • Potentiometers
        • Rotary encoder
        • Haptic
        • Fingerprint
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Clock & Timing
        • RTC
        • Clock generator
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Power Management
        • Battery charger
        • Boost
        • Buck
        • Linear
        • Buck-Boost
        • Wireless Charging
        • Power Switch
        • USB-C PD
        • Click Shields
        • Click Bundles
      • Click Bundles
      • Click Shields
    • necto icon NECTO
      • NECTO Studio
    • compilers icon Compilers
      • PIC
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for PIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • dsPIC/PIC24
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for dsPIC
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for dsPIC
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for dsPIC
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • PIC32
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for PIC32
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for PIC32
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for PIC32
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • ARM
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for ARM
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for ARM
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for ARM
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual TFT AI
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • AVR
        • C
          • NECTO Studio
          • mikroC PRO for AVR
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for AVR
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for AVR
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • FT90x
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for FT90x
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for FT90x
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for FT90x
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
      • 8051
        • C
          • mikroC PRO for 8051
        • Basic
          • mikroBasic PRO for 8051
        • Pascal
          • mikroPascal PRO for 8051
        • Additional Software
          • CODEGRIP WiFi license
          • CODEGRIP SSL license
          • Visual TFT
          • Visual GLCD
          • Package Manager
          • mikroBootloader
          • CAN calculator
          • GLCD Font Creator
          • Timer Calculator
          • MikroPlot
    • dev boards icon Dev Boards
      • PIC (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8
          • EasyPIC PRO v8 over USB-C
          • EasyPIC v8
          • EasyPIC v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC PRO v7a
          • PICPLC16 v7a
          • EasyPIC v7a
          • EasyPIC PRO v7
          • EasyPIC v7
        • 6th Generation
          • PICPLC16 v6
      • dsPIC/PIC24 (16-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyPIC v8 PIC24/dsPIC33
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30
          • EasyPIC v8 for dsPIC30 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
          • EasyPIC v7 for dsPIC30
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy24-33 v6
      • PIC32 (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for PIC32
          • Fusion for PIC32 over USB-C
          • Fusion for PIC v8
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyPIC Fusion v7
      • ARM (32-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • Fusion for ARM v8
          • Fusion for ARM v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for STM32 v8
          • Fusion for STM32 over USB-C
          • Fusion for KINETIS v8
          • Fusion for Kinetis v8 over USB-C
          • Fusion for TIVA v8
          • Fusion for TIVA v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyMx PRO v7a STM32
          • EasyMx PRO v7 STM32
          • EasyMx PRO v7 Tiva
      • AVR (8-bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • EasyAVR v8
          • EasyAVR PRO v8
          • EasyAVR PRO v8 over USB-C
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
        • 7th Generation
          • EasyAVR v7
        • 6th Generation
          • AVRPLC16 v6
      • 8051 (8-bit)
        • 7th generation
          • BIG8051
        • 6th Generation
          • Easy8051 v6
      • PSoC (8-bit)
        • 6th Generation
          • UNI-DS6 Development System
      • RISC-V (32bit)
        • 8th Generation
          • UNI-DS v8
          • UNI-DS v8 over USB-C
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  1. Home
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  3. PIC Microcontrollers - Programming in Basic
  4. serial-communication-modules
MikroElektronika books

3.8 Serial Communication Modules

 

The PIC16F887 microcontroller has several independent serial communication modules and each of them can be configured to operate in several different modes, which make them irreplaceable in many situations. Remember what we advised you about the CCP modules as the same applies here. Don’t burden yourself with details on the operation of all of them, just select one and learn only what you really need.

The USART is one of the oldest serial communication systems. The modern versions of this system are upgraded and called somewhat differently - EUSART.

EUSART

The Enhanced Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (EUSART) module is a serial I/O communication peripheral unit. It is also known as Serial Communications Interface (SCI). It contains all clock generators, shift registers and data buffers necessary to perform a serial data transfer independently of the main program execution. As its name states, apart from using the clock for synchronization, this module can also establish asynchronous connection, which makes it unique for some of the applications. For example, in case it is difficult or impossible to provide special channels for clock and data transfer (for example, radio or infrared remote control), the EUSART module is definitely the best possible solution.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-87
The EUSART system integrated into the PIC16F887 microcontroller has the following features:
  • Full-duplex asynchronous transmit and receive;
  • Programmable 8- or 9-bit wide characters;
  • Address detection in 9-bit mode;
  • Input buffer overrun error detection; and
  • Half-duplex communication in synchronous mode.

EUSART IN ASYNCHRONOUS MODE

The EUSART transmits and receives data using a standard non-return-to-zero (NRZ) format. As can be seen in figure below, this mode doesn’t use clock signal, while the format of data being transferred is very simple:
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-88
Briefly, each data is transferred in the following way:
  • In idle state, data line has a high logic level (1);
  • Each data transmission starts with the START bit which is always a zero (0);
  • Each data is 8- or 9-bit wide (the LSB bit is transferred first); and
  • Each data transmission ends with the STOP bit which is always a one (1).
Figure below shows a common way of connecting a PIC microcontroller provided with the EUSART module. The RS-232 circuit is used as a voltage level converter.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-89

ASYNCHRONOUS EUSART TRANSMITTER

pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-90
In order to enable data transmission via the EUSART module, it is necessary to configure this module to operate as a transmitter. In other words, it is necessary to define the state of the following bits:
  • TXEN = 1 - EUSART transmitter is enabled by setting the TXEN bit of the TXSTA register.
  • SYNC = 0 - EUSART is configured to operate in asynchronous mode by clearing the SYNC bit of the TXSTA register.
  • SPEN = 1 - By setting the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register, EUSART is enabled and the TX/CK pin is automatically configured as an output. If this bit is simultaneously used for some analogue function, it must be disabled by clearing the corresponding bit of the ANSEL register.
The central part of the EUSART transmitter is the shift register TSR which is not directly accessible by the user. In order to start data transfer, the EUSART transmitter must be enabled by setting the TXEN bit of the TXSTA register. Data to be sent should be written to the TXREG register, thus causing the following sequence of events to occur:
  • Byte will be immediately transferred to the shift register TSR;
  • The TXREG register remains empty, which is indicated by setting the flag bit TXIF of the PIR1 register. If the TXIE bit of the PIE1 register is set, an inter rupt will be generated. However, the flag is set regardless of whether an inter rupt is enabled or not and it cannot be cleared by software, but by writing new data to the TXREG register.
  • Control electronics ‘pushes’ data toward the TX pin in synchronization with internal clock: START bit (0) ... data ... STOP bit (1).
  • When the last bit leaves the TSR register, the TRMT bit of the TXSTA register is automatically set.
  • If the TXREG register has received a new character data in the meantime, the whole procedure will be immediately repeated after the STOP bit of the previous character has been transmitted.
The 9-bit data transfer is enabled by setting the TX9 bit of the TXSTA register. The TX9D bit of the TXSTA register is the ninth and most significant data bit. When transferring 9- bit data, the TX9D data bit must be written prior to writing the 8 least significant bits into the TXREG register. All nine bits of data will be transferred to the TSR shift register immediately after the TXREG write is complete.

EUSART ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER

pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-91
Similar to the activation of EUSART transmitter, in order to enable the receiver it is necessary to configure the following bits:
  • CREN = 1 - EUSART receiver is enabled by setting the CREN bit of the RCSTA register;
  • SYNC = 0 - EUSART is configured to operate in asynchronous mode by clearing the SYNC bit stored in the TXSTA register; and
  • SPEN = 1 - By setting the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register, EUSART is enabled and the RX/DT pin is automatically configured as an input. If this bit is simultaneously used for some analogue function, it must be disabled by clearing the corresponding bit of the ANSEL register.
When this first and necessary step is accomplished and the START bit is detected, data is transferred to the shift register RSR through the RX pin. When the STOP bit has been received, the following occurs:
  • Data is automatically sent to the RCREG register (if empty);
  • The flag bit RCIF is set and an interrupt, if enabled by the RCIE bit of the PIE1 register, occurs. Similarly to the transmitter, the flag bit is automatically cleared by reading the RCREG register. Bear in mind that this is a two character FIFO register (first-in, first-out) which allows a simultaneous reception of two data bytes;
  • IIf the RCREG register is occupied (contains two bytes) and the shift register detects new STOP bit, the overflow bit OERR will be set. In this case, a new coming data is lost, and the OEER bit must be cleared by software. It is done by clearing and resetting the CREN bit; Note: it is not possible to receive new data as far as the OERR bit is set.
  • If the STOP bit is driven low (0), the FERR bit of the RCSTA register detecting receive error will be set; and
  • To enable 9-bit data reception, it is necessary to set the RX9 bit of the RCSTA register.

RECEIVE ERROR DETECTION

There are two types of errors which the microcontroller can automatically detect. The first one is called Framing error and occurs when the receiver does not detect the STOP bit at the expected time. Such an error is indicated by the FERR bit of the RCSTA register. If this bit is set, the last received data may be incorrect. Here are several things important to know:
  • A Framing error does not generate an interrupt by itself;
  • If this bit is set, the last received data has an error;
  • A framing error (bit set) does not prevent reception of new data;
  • The FERR bit is cleared by reading received data, which means that check must be done prior to reading data; and
  • The FERR bit cannot be cleared by software. If needed, it can be cleared by clearing the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register. It will simultaneously cause the whole EUSART system to be reset.
There are two types of errors which the microcontroller can automatically detect. The first one is called Framing error and occurs when the receiver does not detect the STOP bit at the expected time. Such an error is indicated by the FERR bit of the RCSTA register. If this bit is set, the last received data may be incorrect. Here are several things important to know:
  • A Framing error does not generate an interrupt by itself;
  • If the FERR bit is set, the last received data has an error;
  • A framing error (bit set) does not prevent new data from being received;
  • The FERR bit is cleared by reading received data, which means that check must be done prior to reading data; and
  • The FERR bit cannot be cleared by software. If needed, it can be cleared by clearing the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register. It will simultaneously cause the whole EUSART system to be reset.
Another type of error is called Overrun Error. As previously mentioned, the FIFO memory can receive two bytes. An overrun error will be generated on attempt to receive the third character. Simply put, there is no space for another one byte and an error is unavoidable. When this happens the OERR bit of the RCSTA register is set. The consequences are the following:
  • Data already stored in the FIFO registers (two bytes) can be normally read;
  • No additional data will be received until the OERR bit is cleared; and
  • This bit is not directly accessed. To clear it, it is necessary to clear the CREN bit of the RCSTA register or reset the whole EUSART system by clearing the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register.

9-BIT DATA RECEIVE

Apart from receiving standard 8-bit data, the EUSART system supports 9-bit data reception. On the transmit side, the ninth bit is ‘attached’ to the original byte directly before the STOP bit. On the receive side, when the RX9 bit of the RCSTA register is set, the ninth data bit will be automatically written to the RX9D bit of the same register. After receiving this byte, it is necessary to take care of how to read its bits- the RX9D data bit must be read prior to reading 8 least significant bits of the RCREG register. Otherwise, the ninth data bit will be cleared.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-92

ADDRESS DETECTION

When the ADDEN bit of the RCSTA register is set, the EUSART module is able to receive only 9-bit data, whereas all 8-bit data will be ignored. Although it seems like a restriction, such modes enable serial communication between several microcontrollers. The principle of operation is simple. Master device sends a 9-bit data representing the address of one slave microcontroller. However, all of them must have the ADDEN bit set because it enables address detection. All slave microcontrollers, sharing the same transmission line, receive this data (address) and automatically check whether it matches their own address. The slave device in which the address match occurs, must disable address detection by clearing its ADDEN bit.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-93
The master device keeps on sending 8-bit data. All data passing through the transmission line will be received by the addressed EUSART module only. When the last byte has been received, the slave device should set the ADDEN bit in order to enable new address detection.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-94

TXSTA Register

pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-95
CSRC - Clock Source Select bit - is used to for the clock source selection. It is used only in synchronous mode.
  • 1 - Master mode. Clock is generated internally from Baud Rate Generator.
  • 0 - Slave mode. Clock is generated from external source.
TX9 - 9-bit Transmit Enable bit
  • 1 - 9-bit data transmission via the EUSART system.
  • 0 - 8-bit data transmission via the EUSART system.
TXEN - Transmit Enable bit
  • 1 - Transmission enabled.
  • 0 - Transmission disabled.
SYNC - EUSART Mode Select bit
  • 1 - EUSART operates in synchronous mode.
  • 0 - EUSART operates in asynchronous mode.
SENDB - Send Break Character bit is only used in asynchronous mode and when required to observe the LIN bus standard.
  • 1 - Break character transmission is enabled.
  • 0 - Break character transmission is completed.
BRGH - High Baud Rate Select bit determines baud rate in asynchronous mode. It does not affect EUSART in synchronous mode.
  • 1 - EUSART operates at high speed.
  • 0 - EUSART operates at low speed.
TRMT - Transmit Shift Register Status bit
  • 1 - TSR register is empty.
  • 0 - TSR register is full.
TX9D - Ninth bit of Transmit Data can be used as address or parity bit.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-96

RCSTA Register

pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-97
SPEN - Serial Port Enable bit
  • 1 - Serial port enabled. RX/DT and TX/CK pins are automatically configured as input and output, respectively.
  • 0 - Serial port disabled.
RX9 - 9-bit Receive Enable bit
  • 1 - Reception of 9-bit data via the EUSART system.
  • 0 - Reception of 8-bit data via the EUSART system.
SREN - Single ReceiveEnable bit is used only in synchronous mode when the microcontroller operates as a master.
  • 1 - Single receive enabled.
  • 0 - Single receive disabled.
CREN - Continuous Receive Enable bit acts differently depending on the EUSART mode. Asynchronous mode:
  • 1 - Receiver enabled.
  • 0 - Receiver disabled.
Synchronous mode:
  • 1 - Enables continuous receive until the CREN bit is cleared.
  • 0 - Disables continuous receive.
ADDEN - Address Detect Enable bit is only used in address detect mode.
  • 1 - Enables address detection on 9-bit data receive.
  • 0 - Disables address detection. The ninth bit can be used as a parity bit.
FERR - Framing Error bit
  • 1 - Framing Error is detected on receive.
  • 0 - No framing error.
OERR - Overrun Error bit.
  • 1 - On receive, Overrun Error is detected.
  • 0 - No overrun error.
RX9D - Ninth bit of Received Data can be used as address or parity bit. The following diagram shows three words appearing on the RX input. The receiving buffer is read after the third word, causing the OEER bit (overrun error bit) to be set.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-98

EUSART BAUD RATE GENERATOR (BRG)

If you carefully look at asynchronous EUSART receiver or transmitter diagram, you will see that both use a clock signal from the local BRG timer for synchronization. The same clock source is also used in synchronous mode. The BRG timer consists of two 8-bit registers making one 16-bit register.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-99
A number written to these two registers determines the baud rate. Besides, both the BRGH bit of the TXSTA register and the BRGH16 bit of the BAUDCTL register affect clock frequency. Tables on the following pages contain values that should be written to the 16-bit register SPBRG and assigned to the SYNC, BRGH and BRGH16 bits in order to obtain some of the standard baud rates. Use the following formula to determine the Baud Rate.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-100

Example

For a device in asynchronous mode with a clock frequency of 16 MHz and desired baud rate of 9600, the 8-bit Baud Rate Generator (BRG) is calculated as follows:
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-100a pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-101 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-102 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-103 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-104 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-105 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-106 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-107 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-108

BAUDCTL Register

pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-109
ABDOVF - Auto-Baud Detect Overflow bit is only used in asynchronous mode during baud rate detection.
  • 1 - Auto-baud timer has overflowed.
  • 0 - Auto-baud timer has not overflowed.
RCIDL - Receive Idle Flag bit is only used in asynchronous mode.
  • 1 - Receiver is idle.
  • 0 - START bit has been received and data receive is in progress.
SCKP - Synchronous Clock Polarity Select bit. The logic state of this bit varies depending on which EUSART mode is active. Asynchronous mode:
  • 1 - Transmit inverted data to the RC6/TX/CK pin.
  • 0 - Transmit non-inverted data to the RC6/TX/CK pin.
Synchronous mode:
  • 1 - Synchronization on the clock rising edge.
  • 0 - Synchronization on the clock falling edge.
BRG16 16-bit Baud Rate Generator bit - determines whether the SPBRGH register will be used, i.e. whether the BRG timer will have 8 or 16 bits.
  • 1 - 16-bit baud rate generator is used.
  • 0 - 8-bit baud rate generator is used.
WUE Wake-up Enable bit
  • 1 - Receiver waits for a falling edge on the RC7/RX/DT pin to wake up the microcontroller from sleep mode.
  • 0 - Receiver operates normally.
ABDEN - Auto-Baud Detect Enable bit is used in asynchronous mode only.
  • 1 - Auto-baud detect mode is enabled. Bit is automatically cleared on baud rate detection.
  • 0 - Auto-baud detect mode is disabled.
Let's do it in mikroBasic...
' In this example, internal EUSART module is initialized and set to send back the
' message immediately after receiving it. Baud rate is set to 9600 bps. The pro 
'gram uses UART library routines UART1_init(), UART1_Write_Text(), UART1_Data_Ready(), 
'UART1_Write() and UART1_Read().

dim uart_rd as byte
main:
ANSEL,ANSELH = 0 ' Configure AN pins as digital
CM1CON0.C1ON = 0 ' Disable comparators
CM2CON0.C2ON = 0
UART1_Init(9600) ' Initialize UART module at 9600 bps
Delay_ms(100) ' Wait for UART module to become stable
UART1_Write_Text("Start")
while 1 ' Endless loop
if (UART1_Data_Ready() ' If data is received,
uart_rd = UART1_Read() ' read it,
end if
UART1_Write(uart_rd) ' and send it back via UART
wend
...

In Short

Data transmission via asynchronous EUSART communication:

  1. The desired baud rate should be set by using bits BRGH (TXSTA register) and BRG16 (BAUDCTL register) and registers SPBRGH and SPBRG.
  2. The SYNC bit (TXSTA register) should be cleared and the SPEN bit should be set (RCSTA register) in order to enable serial port.
  3. The TX9 bit of the TXSTA register should be set on 9-bit data transmission.
  4. Data transmission is enabled by setting the TXEN bit of the TXSTA register. The TXIF bit of the PIR1 register is automatically set.
  5. Both TXIE bit of the PIE1 register and bits GIE and PEIE of the INTCON register should be set to enable the TXEN bit to cause an interrupt.
  6. Value of the ninth bit should be written to the TX9D bit of the TXSTA register on 9-bit data transmission.
  7. Transmission starts by writing 8-bit data to the TXREG register.

Data reception via asynchronous EUSART communication:

  1. Baud Rate should be set by using bits BRGH (TXSTA register) and BRG16 (BAUDCTL register) and registers SPBRGH and SPBRG.
  2. The SYNC bit (TXSTA register) should be cleared and the SPEN bit should be set (RCSTA register) in order to enable serial port.
  3. Both the RCIE bit of the PIE1 register and bits GIE and PEIE of the INTCON register should be set when it is necessary to enable the data reception to cause an interrupt.
  4. The RX9 bit of the RCSTA register should be set on 9-bit data receive.
  5. Data reception is enabled by setting the CREN bit of the RCSTA register.
  6. The RCSTA register should be read in order to check whether some errors have occurred during reception. The ninth bit will be stored in this register on 9-bit data reception.
  7. The received 8-bit data stored in the RCREG register should be read.

Setting Address Detection Mode:

  1. Baud Rate should be set by using bits BRGH (TXSTA register) and BRG16 (BAUDCTL register) and registers SPBRGH and SPBRG.
  2. The SYNC bit (TXSTA register) should be cleared and the SPEN bit should be set (RCSTA register) in order to enable serial port.
  3. The RCIE bit of the PIE1 bit as well as bits GIE and PEIE of the INTCON register should be set when it is necessary to enable data reception to cause an interrupt.
  4. The RX9 bit of the RCSTA register should be set.
  5. The ADDEN of the RCSTA register should be set, which enables data to be recognized as address.
  6. Data reception should be enabled by setting the CREN bit of the RCSTA register.
  7. As soon as the 9-bit data is received, the RCIF bit of the PIR1 register will be automatically set. If enabled, an interrupt occurs.
  8. The RCSTA register should be read in order to check whether some errors have occurred during reception. The ninth bit RX9D is always set.
  9. The received 8-bit data stored in the RCREG register should be read. It should be checked whether the combination of these bits matches the predefined address. If the match occurs, it is necessary to clear the ADDEN bit of the RCSTA register, which enables 8-bit data to be received.
 

MASTER SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL PORT MODULE

The MSSP module (Master Synchronous Serial Port) is a very useful, but at the same time one of the most complex circuits within the microcontroller. It enables high speed communication between the microcontroller and other peripherals or other microcontrollers by using few input/output lines (three or maximum four). Therefore, it is commonly used to connect the microcontroller to LCD displays, A/D converters, serial EEPROMs, shift registers etc. The main feature of this type of communication is that it is synchronous and suitable for use in systems with a single master and one or more slaves. The master device contains a baud rate generator and supplies all devices in the system with the clock. Slave devices may in this way eliminate the internal clock generation circuit. The MSSP module can operate in one out of two modes:
  • SPI mode (Serial Peripheral Interface); and
  • I2C mode (Inter-Integrated Circuit).
As can be seen in figure below, one MSSP module represents only a half of the hardware needed to establish serial communication, while the other half is stored in the device it exchanges data with. Even though the modules on both ends of the line are the same, their modes are essentially different depending on whether they operate as a Master or a Slave: If the microcontroller to be programmed controls another device or circuit (peripherals), it should be set to operate as a master. It will generate clock when needed, i.e. only when data reception and transmission are required by the software. Obviously, it is solely up to the master device to establish connection or not.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-110
Otherwise, if the microcontroller to be programmed is a peripheral of some more complex device (for example, a PC) then it should operate as a slave. As such, it always has to wait for data transmission request to be sent by the master device.

SPI MODE

The SPI mode allows 8 bits of data to be transmitted and received simultaneously using 3 input/output lines:
  • SDO - Serial Data Out - transmit line;
  • SDI - Serial Data In - receive line; and
  • SCK - Serial Clock - synchronization line.
Apart from these three lines, there is the forth line (SS) as well which may be used if the microcontroller exchanges data with several peripheral devices. Refer to figure below. SS - Slave Select - is an additional line used for specific device selection. It is active only when the microcontroller is in slave mode, i.e. when the external - master device requires data exchange. The MSSP module uses in total of 4 register when set to SPI mode:
  • SSPSTAT - status register
  • SSPCON - control register
  • SSPBUF - buffer register
  • SSPSR - shift register (not directly available)
The first three registers are writable/readable and can be changed at any moment, while the forth register, since not available, is used for converting data into ‘serial’ format.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-111
As can be seen in figure below, the central part of the SPI module consists of two registers connected to pins for reception, transmission and synchronization.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-112
The Shift register (SSPRS) is directly connected to the microcontroller pins and used for serial data transmission. The SSPRS register has its input and output so as the data can be shifted in and out. In other words, each bit appearing on the input (receive line) simultaneously shifts another bit toward the output (transmit line). The SSPBUF register (Buffer) is part of memory used to temporarily hold the data prior to being sent or immediately after being received. After all 8 bits of data have been received, the byte is moved from the SSPRS to the SSPBUF register. Such operation allows the next byte to be received before reading the data that has just been received. Any write to the SSPBUF register during data transmission/reception will be ignored. From the programmers’ point of view, this register is considered the most important as being most frequently accessed. Namely, if we disregard mode settings for a moment, data transfer via SPI actually comes to data write and read to and from this register, while another ‘acrobatics’ such as moving registers are automatically performed by hardware. Let's do it in mikroBasic...
' In this example, PIC microcontroller (master) sends data byte to peripheral chip
' (slave) via SPI. Program uses SPI library functions SPI1_init() and SPI1_Write.

dim Chip_Select as sbit at PORTC.RC0 ' Peripheral chip_select line is connected to RC0
dim Chip_Select_Direction as sbit at TRISC.0 ' TRISC0 bit defines RC0 pin to be input or output
dim value as unsigned int ' Data to be sent (value) is of unsigned int type
main:
ANSEL, ANSELH = 0 ' All I/O pins are digital
TRISB.0 = 1
TRISB.1 = 1 ' Configure RB0, RB1 pins as inputs
Chip_Select = 0 ' Select peripheral chip
Chip_Select_Direction = 0 ' Configure the CS# pin as an output
SPI1_Init() ' Initialize SPI module
SPI1_Write(value) ' Send value to peripheral chip
...

In short

Receiving/Transmitting data using the SPI mode

Prior to starting the SPI initialization, it is necessary to specify several options:
  • Master mode TRISC.3=0 (the SCK pin is the clock output);
  • Slave mode TRISC.3=1 (the SCK pin is the clock input);
  • Data input phase- middle or end of data output time (the SMP bit of the SSPSTAT register);
  • Clock edge (the CKE bit of the SSPSTAT register);
  • Baud Rate, bits SSPM3-SSPM0 of the SSPCON register (only in Master mode);
  • Slave select mode, bits SSPM3-SSPM0 of the SSPCON register (Slave mode only).
The SPI module starts to operate by setting the SSPEN bit: pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-113 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-114 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-115 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-116 pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-117
Step 1. Data to be transferred should be written to the buffer register SSPBUF. If the SPI module operates in master mode, the microcontroller will automatically perform the following steps 2, 3 and 4. If the SPI module operates as Slave, the microcontroller will not perform these steps until the SCK pin detects clock signal.
Step 2. The data is now moved to the SSPSR register and the SSPBUF register is not cleared.
Step 3. This data is then shifted to the output pin (MSB bit first) while the register is simultaneously being filled with bits through the input pin. In Master mode, the microcontroller itself generates clock, while the Slave mode uses an external clock (the SCK pin).
Step 4. The SSPSR register is full once 8 bits of data have been received. It is indicated by setting the BF bit of the SSPSTAT register and the SSPIF bit of the PIR1 register. The received data (one byte) is automatically moved from the SSPSR register to the SSPBUF register. Since serial data transmission is performed automatically, the rest of the program is normally executed while the data transmission is in progress. In this case, the function of the SSPIF bit is to generate an interrupt when one byte transmission is completed.
Step 5. Finally, the data stored in the SSPBUF register is ready to use and should be moved to a desired register.
 

I2C MODE

I2C mode (Inter IC Bus) The I2C mode (Inter IC Bus) is especially suitable when the microcontroller and an integrated circuit, which the microcontroller should exchange data with, are within the same device. It is usually another microcontroller or a specialized, cheap integrated circuit belonging to the new generation of the so called ‘smart peripheral components’ (memory modules, temperature sensors, real-time clocks etc.) Similar to serial communication in SPI mode, data transfer in I2C mode is synchronous and bidirectional. This time only two pins are used for data transmission. These are the SDA (Serial Data) and SCL (Serial Clock) pins. The user must configure these pins as inputs or outputs by means of the TRISC bits. By observing particular rules (protocols), this mode enables up to 122 different components to be simultaneously connected in a simple way by using only two valuable I/O pins. Let’s take a look at how it works: Clock, necessary to synchronize the operation of both devices, is always generated by the master device (a microcontroller) and its frequency directly affects the baud rate. Even though there is a protocol allowing maximum 3,4 MHz clock frequency (so called highspeed I2C bus), this book covers only the most frequently used protocol the clock frequency of which is limited to 100 KHz. There is no limitations for minimum frequency. When master and slave components are synchronized by the clock, every data exchange is always initiated by the master. Once the MSSP module has been enabled, it waits for a Start condition to occur. The master device first sends the START bit (a logic zero) through the SDA pin, then a 7-bit address of the selected slave device, and finally, the bit which requires data write (0) or read (1) to the device. In other words, eight bits are shifted to the SSPSR register following the start condition. All slave devices sharing the same transmission line will simultaneously receive the first byte, but only one of them has the address to match and receives the whole data.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-118
Once the first byte has been sent (only 8-bit data are transmitted), the master goes into receive mode and waits for acknowledgment from the slave device that address match has occurred. If the slave device sends acknowledge data bit (1), data transfer will be continued until the master device (microcontroller) sends the Stop bit.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-119
This is the simplest explanation of how two components communicate. Such a microcontroller is also capable of controlling more complicated situations when 1024 different components (10-bit address), shared by several different master devices, are connected. Such devices are rarely used in practice and there is no need to discuss them at greater length. Figure below shows the block diagram of the MSSP module in I2C mode.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-120
The MSSP module uses six registers for I2C operation. Some of them are shown in figure above:
  • SSPCON
  • SSPCON2
  • SSPSTAT
  • SSPBUF
  • SSPSR
  • SSPADD

SSPSTAT Register

pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-121
SMP Sample bit SPI master mode - This bit determines input data phase.
  • 1 - Logic state is read at the end of data output time.
  • 0 - Logic state is read in the middle of data output time.
SPI slave mode - This bit must be cleared when SPI is used in Slave mode. I²C mode (master or slave)
  • 1 - Slew rate control disabled for standard speed mode (100kHz).
  • 0 - Slew rate control enabled for high speed mode (400k Hz).
CKE - Clock Edge Select bit selects synchronization mode. CKP = 0:
  • 1 - Data is transferred on rising edge of clock pulse (0 - 1).
  • 0 - Data is transferred on falling edge of clock pulse (1 - 0).
CKP = 1:
  • 1 - Data is transferred on falling edge of clock pulse (1 - 0).
  • 0 - Data is transferred on rising edge of clock pulse (0 - 1).
D/A - Data/Address bit is used in I2C mode only.
  • 1 - Indicates that the last byte received or transmitted was data.
  • 0 - Indicates that the last byte received or transmitted was address.
P - Stop bit is used in I²C mode only.
  • 1 - Last detected bit is the STOP bit.
  • 0 - Last detected bit is not the STOP bit.
S - Start bit is used in I²C mode only.
  • 1 - Last detected bit is the START bit.
  • 0 - Last detected bit is not the START bit.
R/W - Read Write bit is used in I2C mode only. This bit contains the R/W bit information following the last address match. This bit is only valid from the address match to the next Start bit, Stop bit or not ACK bit. In I²C slave mode
  • 1 - Data read.
  • 0 - Data write.
In I²C master mode
  • 1 - Transmit is in progress.
  • 0 - Transmit is not in progress.
UA - Update Address bit is used in 10-bit I2C mode only.
  • 1 - The SSPADD register must be updated.
  • 0 - Address in the SSPADD register is correct and doesn’t need to be updated.
BF Buffer Full Status bit During data receive (in SPI and I²C modes)
  • 1 - Receive complete. The SSPBUF register is full.
  • 0 - Receive not complete. The SSPBUF register is empty.
During data transmit (in I²C mode only)
  • 1 - Data transmit in progress (doesn’t include the ACK and STOP bits).
  • 0 - Data transmit complete (doesn’t include the ACK and STOP bits).

SSPCON Register

pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-122
WCOL Write Collision Detect bit
  • 1 - Collision detected. Write to the SSPBUF register was attempted while the I2C conditions were not valid for transmission to start.
  • 0 - No collision.
SSPOV Receive Overflow Indicator bit
  • 1 - A new byte is received before reading the previously received data. Since there is no space for new data receive, one of these two bytes must be cleared. In this case, data stored in the SSPSR register is irretrievably lost.
  • 0 - Serial data is received correctly.
SSPEN - Synchronous Serial Port Enable bit determines the microcontroller pins function and initializes MSSP module: In SPI mode
  • 1 - Enables MSSP module and configures pins SCK, SDO, SDI and SS as serial port pins.
  • 0 - Disables MSSP module and configures these pins as I/O port pins.
In I²C mode
  • 1 - Enables MSSP module and configures pins SDA and SCL as serial port pins.
  • 0 - Disables MSSP module and configures these pins as I/O port pins.
CKP - Clock Polarity Select bit is not used in I²C master mode. In SPI mode
  • 1 - Idle state for clock is a high level.
  • 0 - Idle state for clock is a low level.
In I²C slave mode
  • 1 - Enables clock.
  • 0 - Keeps clock low. Used to provide more time for data stabilization.
SSPM3-SSPM0 - Synchronous Serial Port Mode Select bits. SSP mode is determined by combining these bits:
SSPM3 SSPM2 SSPM1 SSPM0 MODE
0 0 0 0 SPI master mode, clock = Fosc/4
0 0 0 1 SPI master mode, clock = Fosc/16
0 0 1 0 SPI master mode, clock = Fosc/64
0 0 1 1 SPI master mode, clock = (output TMR)/2
0 1 0 0 SPI slave mode, SS pin control enabled
0 1 0 1 SPI slave mode, SS pin control disabled, SS can be used as I/O pin
0 1 1 0 I²C slave mode, 7-bit address used
0 1 1 1 I²C slave mode, 10-bit address used
1 0 0 0 I²C master mode, clock = Fosc / [4(SSPAD+1)]
1 0 0 1 Mask used in I²C slave mode
1 0 1 0 Not used
1 0 1 1 I²C controlled master mode
1 1 0 0 Not used
1 1 0 1 Not used
1 1 1 0 I²C slave mode, 7-bit address used,START and STOP bits enable interrupt
1 1 1 1 I²C slave mode, 10-bit address used,START and STOP bits enable interrupt

SSPCON2 Register

pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-123
GCEN - General Call Enable bit In I²C slave mode only
  • 1 - Enables interrupt when a general call address (0000h) is received in the SSPSR.
  • 0 - General call address disabled.
ACKSTAT - Acknowledge Status bit In I²C Master Transmit mode only
  • 1 - Acknowledge was not received from slave.
  • 0 - Acknowledge was received from slave.
ACKDT - Acknowledge data bit In I²C Master Receive mode only
  • 1 - Not Acknowledge.
  • 0 - Acknowledge.
ACKEN - Acknowledge Sequence Enable bit In I²C Master Receive mode
  • 1 - Initiate acknowledge condition on the SDA and SCL pins and transmit the ACKDT data bit. It is automatically cleared by hardware.
  • 0 - Acknowledge condition is not initiated.
RCEN - Receive Enable bit In I²C Master mode only
  • 1 - Enables data receive in I2C mode.
  • 0 - Receive disabled.
PEN - STOP condition Enable bit In I²C Master mode only
  • 1 - Initiates STOP condition on the SDA and SCL pins. This bit is automatically cleared by hardware.
  • 0 - STOP condition is not initiated.
RSEN - Repeated START Condition Enabled bit In I²C master mode only
  • 1 - Repeted START condition initiated on the SDA and SCL pins. This bit is automatically cleared by hardware.
  • 0 - Repeated START condition is not initiated.
SEN - START Condition Enabled/Stretch Enabled bit In I²C Master mode only
  • 1 - Initiates START condition on the SDA and SCL pins. This bit is automatically cleared by hardware.
  • 0 - START condition is not initiated.

I2C in Master Mode

The most common case is that the microcontroller operates as a master and a peripheral component as a slave. This is why this book covers just this mode. It is also considered that the address consists of 7 bits and a target device contains only one microcontroller (single-master device). In order to enable MSSP module in this mode, it is necessary to do the following:
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-124
Set baud rate (SSPADD register), turn off slew rate control (by setting the SMP bit of the SSPSTAT register) and select master mode (SSPCON register). After all these preparations have been finished and the module has been enabled (SSPCON register:SSPEN bit), it is necessary to wait for internal electronics to signal that everything is ready for data transmission, i.e. the SSPIF bit of the PIR1 register is set. This bit should be cleared by software and after that the microcontroller is ready to exchange data with peripherals.

DATA TRANSMISSION IN I2C MASTER MODE

Data transmission on the SDA pin starts with a logic zero (0) which appears upon setting the SEN bit of the SSPCON2 register. Even enabled, the microcontroller has to wait a certain time before it starts communication. It is the so called ‘Start condition’ during which internal preparations and checks are performed. If all conditions are met, the SSPIF bit of the PIR1 is set and data transmission starts as soon as the SSPBUF register is loaded.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-125
Maximum 112 integrated circuits (slave devices) may simultaneously share the same transmission line. The first data byte sent by the master device contains the address to match only one slave device. All addresses are listed in respective data sheets. The eighth bit of the first data byte specifies direction of data transmission, i.e. whether the microcontroller is to send or receive data. In this case, the eighth bit is cleared to logic zero (0), which means that it is about data transmission.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-126
When address match occurs, the microcontroller has to wait for the acknowledge data bit. The slave device acknowledges address match by clearing the ASKSTAT bit of the SSPCON2 register. If the match has properly occurred, all data bytes are transmitted in the same way. Data transmission ends by setting the SEN bit of the SSPCON2 register. The STOP condition occurs, which enables the SDA pin to receive pulses: Start - Address - Acknowledge - Data - Acknowledge....Data - Acknowledge - Stop!

Data Reception in I2C Master Mode

Preparations for data reception are similar to those for data transmission, with exception that the last bit of the first sent byte (containing address) is set to logic one (1). It specifies that master expects to receive data from the addressed slave device. Let’s see what happens within the microcontroller: After internal preparations are finished and the START bit is set, the slave device starts sending one byte at a time. These bytes are stored in the serial register SSPSR. Each data is, after receiving the last eighth bit, loaded to the SSPBUF register from where it can be read. Reading this register causes the acknowledge bit to be automatically sent, which means that the master device is ready to receive new data. Likewise, data reception ends by setting the STOP bit:
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-127
Start - Address - Acknowledge - Data - Acknowledge... Data - Acknowledge - Stop! In this pulse sequence, the acknowledge bit is sent to the slave device.

BAUD RATE GENERATOR

In order to synchronize data transmission, all events taking place on the SDA pin must be synchronized with a clock generated in the master device by a simple oscillator the frequency of which depends on the microcontroller’s main oscillator frequency, the value written to the SSPADD register and the current SPI mode as well. The clock frequency of the mode described in this book depends on selected quartz crystal and the SPADD register. Figure below shows the formula used to calculate it.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-128
Let's do it in mikroBasic...
' In this example, PIC MCU is connected to 24C02 EEPROM via SCL and SDA pins. The program
' sends one byte of data to the EEPROM address 2. Then, it reads data via I2C from EEPROM
' and sends it to PORTB in order to check if the data has been successfully written.

main:
ANSEL = ANSELH = PORTB = TRISB = 0 ' All pins are digital. PORTB pins are outputs.
I2C1_Init(100000) ' Initialize I2C with desired clock
I2C1_Start() ' I2C start signal
I2C1_Wr(0xA2) ' Send byte via I2C (device address + W)
I2C1_Wr(2) ' Send byte (address of EEPROM location)
I2C1_Wr(0xF0) ' Send data to be written
I2C1_Stop() ' I2C stop signal
Delay_100ms()
I2C1_Start() ' I2C start signal
I2C1_Wr(0xA2) ' Send byte via I2C (device address + W)
I2C1_Wr(2) ' Send byte (data address)
I2C1_Repeated_Start() ' Issue I2C signal repeated start
I2C1_Wr(0xA3) ' Send byte (device address + R)
PORTB = I2C1_Rd(0u) ' Read the data (NO acknowledge)
I2C1_Stop() ' I2C stop signal

USEFUL NOTES ...

When the microcontroller communicates with peripheral components, it may happen that data transmission fails for some reason. In this case, it is recommended to check the state of some of the bits which can clarify the issue. In practice, the status of these bits is checked by executing a short subroutine after each byte transmission and reception (just in case). WCOL (SPCON,7) - If you try to write a new data to the SSPBUF register while another data transmission/reception is in progress, the WCOL bit will be set and the contents of the SSPBUF register remains unchanged. Write does not occur. After this, the WCOL bit must be cleared in software. BF (SSPSTAT,0) - In transmission mode, this bit is set when the CPU writes data to the SSPBUF register and remains set until the byte in serial format is shifted from the SSPSR register. In reception mode, this bit is set when data or address is loaded to the SSPBUF register. It is cleared after reading the SSPBUF register.
SDA and SCL Pins - When the SPP module is enabled, these pins turn into Open Drain outputs. It means that they must be connected to the resistors which are, on the other end, connected to the positive power supply. SSPOV (SSPCON,6) - In reception mode, this bit is set when a new byte is received by the SSPSR register via serial communication, whereas the previously received data has not been read from the SSPBUF register yet.
pic-microcontrollers-programming-in-basic-chapter-03-image-129

In short

Receiving/Transmitting data in the I2C mode

In order to establish serial communication in I2C mode, the following should be done: Setting Module and Sending Address:
  • Value to determine baud rate should be written to the SSPADD register.
  • SlewRate control should be turned off by setting the SMP bit of the SSPSTAT register.
  • In order to select Master mode, binary value 1000 should be written to the SSPM3-SSPM0 bits of the SSPCON1 register.
  • The SEN bit of the SSPCON2 register (START sequence) should be set.
  • The SSPIF bit is automatically set at the end of the START sequence when the module is ready to operate. It should be cleared.
  • Slave address should be written to the SSPBUF register.
  • When the byte is sent, the SSPIF bit (interrupt) is automatically set after receiving the acknowledge bit from the Slave device.
Data Transmit:
  • Data to be send should be written to the SSPBUF register.
  • When the byte is sent, the SSPIF bit (interrupt) is automatically set after receiving the acknowledge bit from the Slave device.
  • In order to inform the Slave device that data transmission is complete, STOP condition should be initiated by setting the PEN bit of the SSPCON register.
Data Receive:
  • In order to enable reception, the RSEN bit of the SSPCON2 register should be set.
  • The SSPIF bit indicates data reception. When data is read from the SSPBUF register, the ACKEN bit of the SSPCON2 register should be set in order to enable acknowledge bit to be sent.
  • In order to inform the Slave device that data transmission is complete, the STOP condition should be initiated by setting the PEN bit of the SSPCON register.
 

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